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. 2023 Jul 25;13:12046. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38944-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Genetic structure of Macrocystis pyrifera. (panel A) Network analysis based on shared allele distance. Red circles in the network identify sites with higher network centrality (> 95th percentile of centrality). (panel B) Structure analysis for the first and second hierarchical levels of subdivision with bars representing the proportion of individual assignments to each cluster. Analyses using the DeltaK criterion⁶⁸ to infer the number of K clusters available in S3: first hierarchical level with K = 2 or 4; second hierarchical level with K = 4 and K = 2. Colors depict distinct genetic groups and the numbers label populations of interest. (panel C) Second hierarchical level of genetic subdivision (proportion of individual assignments to each cluster). Sea ice extent is depicted in white.