Figure 3. Development of the open thoracostomy training model.

(A) Yoga mat (red) and plastic brush struts (brown) were constructed to simulate the ribs, spine, and chest wall. (B) Skeletal structures were secured with the packaging tape. (C) The foam pad (green) surrounded a plastic-wrapped pillow to simulate the subcutaneous tissue, pleural space, and lungs. (D) A t-shirt covered the simulated sternum made of cardboard that had an attached cell phone allowing for an educator to provide interactive voice responses as the simulated patient.