Fig. 3.

(a) Forces acting on the particles at the liquid-solid interface during particulate in the vicinity of a freezing front. (b) Effect of freezing front velocity ($\nu$) and critical freezing front velocity $\left({\nu }_{cr}\right)$ on final pore morphologies of freeze cast material. (c) Mold-dependent microarchitecture of CNF-based cryogel - polyethylene copper molds (top) used for freezing CNF suspensions. X-ray microtomography reconstructions (μCT; bottom) of the obtained porous material (scale bar = 5 mm). (d) Phase diagrams of (d_i) water and (d_ii) carbon dioxide (CO₂). (e) Cross-linked cellulose to prepare porous materials by evaporation in the oven. (a–b) Adapted from Ref. [123] with permission of Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (c) Adapted from Ref. [128] with the permission of Elsevier. (d) Reproduced from Ref. [129] with permission from Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Adapted from Ref. [130] with permission of Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.