Fig. 7.

CNC containing 2D composites produced by casting and electrospinning. (a) Casted structures. (a_i) Casted PVA/CNC transparent hydrogel sheet in the form of self-standing contact lenses. (a_ii) Ex vivo implantation of the contact lenses to the porcine cornea [196]. (a_iii) Coverage of the transparent CNC/CNF sheet on the lower half of the printed image. (a_iv) The mechanical performance of the CNC/CNF sheet compositions and solvent ratios (DMSO/water) [195]. (b) Electrospun 2D composites. SEM images of electrospun cotton/CNC composites in (b_i) 0% CNC and (b_ii) 20% CNC. (b_iii) The stress-strain curve demonstrating the mechanical performance of cotton/CNC electrospun structures [197]. (b_iv) The mechanical performance of electrospun PBS/CNC bio-nanocomposite in various CNC concentrations of (0–5 wt%) [198]. (b_v) The stress-strain curve of electrospun PLA/CNC composite containing varying CNC amounts (0–4 wt%). In vivo surgical examination after 3 weeks in rat calvarial defect for the (b_vi) negative control and the (b_vii) repaired sample [199]. (a_i-ii) Adapted from Ref. [196] with permission of Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society. (a_iii-iv) Adapted from Ref. [195] with permission of Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b_i-iii) Adapted from Ref. [197] with permission of Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. (b_iv) Adapted from Ref. [198] with permission of Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (b_v-vii) Adapted from Ref. [199] with permission of Copyright 2020 Elsevier.