Fig. 8.

CNF containing 3D composites generated by 3D printing and freeze-casting. (a_i) 3D printed small grids (7.2 × 7.2 mm²) with shape recovery behavior, 3D printed human ear, and 3D printed sheep meniscus [112]. (a_ii) Electrically conductive, elastic, drug-loaded cardiac patch based on TOCNF/PGS/PPy. Shape recovery and flexibility of the cardiac patch [232]. (a_iii-iv) The SEM images of CNF-based structure (a_iii) before and (a_iv) after mineralization for bone tissue engineering application [233]. (b_i-ii) Light-weight and strong composite based on CNF and bioactive glass (CNF/BG) for bone tissue engineering. The (b_iii) negative control and the (b_iv) the rat calvarial regeneration after 56 days of scaffold implantation of CNF/BG [225]. (b_v-vi) Janus flexible sponges based on CNF for wound healing application and treatment of hemorrhagic wounds [234]. (a_i) Adapted from Ref. [112] with permission of Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. (a_ii) Adapted from Ref. [232] with permission of Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (a_iii-iv) Adapted from Ref. [233] with permission of Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society (b_i-iv) Adapted from Ref. [225] with permission of Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b_v-vi) Adapted from Ref. [234] with permission of Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH.