Table 1.
Measurement items.
| Constructs/Items | Code | sources |
|---|---|---|
| Technological Capabilities | TC | |
| The ecological production technology of your firm is not very complex. | TC1 | [68] |
| Your firm has had some successful eco-innovation experience previously. | TC2 | |
| You have adequate resources for the design of green products. | TC3 | |
| R&D is capable of designing eco-friendly production processes. | TC4 | |
| Environmental Regulations | ER | |
| Your firm regards environmental audits as mandatory. | ER1 | [5] |
| There is a policy in your enterprise to guide ecological management. | ER2 | |
| Your firm is responsive to any new provision to environmental regulations. | ER3 | |
| Market Demand for Green Products | GP | |
| Your firm routinely measures the market demand for green products. | GP1 | [54] |
| You produce green products because it has demand in the market. | GP2 | |
| To the valued customer environment is an issue of great interest. | GP3 | |
| Market demand is the main reason you produce the green product. | GP4 | |
| Competitive Pressure | CP | |
| Competitive pressure intensifies the eco-innovation initiatives of your firm. | CP1 | [96] |
| You increase market share through environmental concepts. | CP2 | |
| Competitive advantage can be acquired through environmental policy. | CP3 | |
| High Energy Price | EP | |
| You follow a green policy due to the high price of energy. | EP1 | [67] |
| The high price made the green policy a necessary module. | EP2 | |
| High energy fosters eco- innovation in manufacturing. | EP3 | |
| High energy price motivates to go for green production. | EP4 | |
| Expected Future Regulations | FR | |
| The state will be stricter in conserving the environment in the future. | FR1 | [67] |
| Anticipated future regulations motivate eco- innovation initiatives. | FR2 | |
| Accurately predicting future regulations enables a firm to keep ahead. | FR3 | |
| Eco-Innovation | EI | |
| Use of cleaner technology to create savings and prevent pollution. | EI1 | [69] |
| Your manufacturing process effectively reduces hazardous emissions. | EI2 | |
| Low energy consumption, like electricity, gas, etc., in production and disposal. | EI3 | |
| The manufacturing process reduces the use of raw materials. | EI4 | |
| Reproduce, reuse, and recycle material. | EI5 | |
| Economic Performance | EcP | |
| Improved capacity utilization. | EcP1 | [96] |
| Decrease in loss from environmental accidents. | EcP2 | |
| Decrease in waste management cost. | EcP3 | |
| Increase in revenue by selling scrap materials and equipment. | EcP4 | |
| Environmental Performance | EnP | |
| Reduction of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid waste. | EnP1 | [96] |
| Decrease in frequency of environmental accidents. | EnP2 | |
| Decrease in the use of toxic material harmful to nature. | EnP3 | |
| Reduction of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid waste. | EnP4 | |
| Societal Performance (SoP) | SoP | |
| The use of indigenous resources helps balanced development. | Sop1 | [97] |
| Eco-innovation initiatives foster social equity. | SoP2 | |
| Eco-innovation initiative accelerates social awareness for green. | SoP3 | |
| Increase in investment for social development. | SoP4 |