Table 4.
Measurement model.
| Constructs/Items | Code | Mean | SD | FL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technological Capabilities α: 0.823; AVE:0.853; CR: 0.877 | TC | |||
| The ecological production technology of your firm is not very complex. | TC1 | 6.12 | 1.238 | .933 |
| Your firm has had some successful eco-innovation experience previously. | TC2 | 6.56 | 1.895 | .855 |
| You have adequate resources for the design of green products. | TC3 | 6.22 | 1.465 | .776 |
| R&D is capable of designing eco-friendly production processes. | TC4 | 5.55 | 1.328 | .790 |
| Environmental Regulations α: 0.844; AVE: 0.987; CR: 0.976 | ER | |||
| Your firm regards environmental audits as mandatory. | ER1 | 5.75 | 1.432 | .818 |
| There is a policy in your enterprise to guide ecological management. | ER2 | 6.15 | 1.263 | .551 |
| Your firm is responsive to any new provision to environmental regulations. | ER3 | 5.89 | 1.413 | .728 |
| Market Demand for Green Products α: 0.841; AVE: 0.941; CR: 0.978 | GP | |||
| Your firm routinely measures the market demand for green products. | GP1 | 5.25 | 1.372 | .641 |
| You produce green products because it has demand in the market. | GP2 | 5.62 | 1.582 | .823 |
| To the valued customer environment is an issue of great interest. | GP3 | 6.12 | 1.363 | .754 |
| Market demand is the main reason you produce the green product. | GP4 | 6.03 | 1.496 | .976 |
| Competitive Pressure α: 0.981; AVE: 0.923; CR: 0.975 | CP | |||
| Competitive pressure intensifies the eco-innovation initiatives of your firm. | CP1 | 5.55 | 1.655 | .652 |
| You increase market share through environmental concepts. | CP2 | 5.84 | 1.470 | .946 |
| Competitive advantage can be acquired through environmental policy. | CP3 | 5.21 | 1.714 | .587 |
| High Energy Price α: 0.834; AVE: 0.967; CR: 0.887 | EP | |||
| You follow a green policy due to the high price of energy. | EP1 | 6.63 | 1.412 | .778 |
| The high price made the green policy a necessary module. | EP2 | 6.75 | 1.307 | .845 |
| High energy fosters eco- innovation in manufacturing. | EP3 | 5.58 | 1.443 | .518 |
| High energy price motivates to go for green production. | EP4 | 6.28 | 1.385 | .785 |
| Expected Future Regulations α: 0.954; AVE: 0.854; CR: 0.845 | FR | |||
| The state will be stricter in conserving the environment in the future. | FR1 | 6.28 | 1.386 | .675 |
| Anticipated future regulations motivate eco- innovation initiatives. | FR2 | 6.32 | 1.496 | .845 |
| Accurately predicting future regulations enables a firm to keep ahead. | FR3 | 6.81 | 1.328 | .768 |
| Eco-Innovation α: 0.725; AVE: 0.915; CR: 0.876 | EI | |||
| Use of cleaner technology to create savings and prevent pollution. | EI1 | 5.53 | 1.415 | .987 |
| Your manufacturing process effectively reduces hazardous emissions. | EI2 | 5.96 | 1.183 | .548 |
| Low energy consumption, like electricity, gas, etc., in production and disposal. | EI3 | 6.23 | 1.536 | .758 |
| The manufacturing process reduces the use of raw materials. | EI4 | 6.65 | 1.721 | .678 |
| Reproduce, reuse, and recycle material. | EI5 | 6.52 | 1.612 | .745 |
| Economic Performance α: 0.723 AVE: 0.856; CR: 0.865 | EcP | |||
| Improved capacity utilization. | EcP1 | 6.69 | 1.307 | .978 |
| Decrease in loss from environmental accidents. | EcP2 | 6.36 | 1.385 | .812 |
| Decrease in waste management cost. | EcP3 | 6.21 | 1.551 | .865 |
| Increase in revenue by selling scrap materials and equipment. | EcP4 | 6.87 | 1.258 | .769 |
| Environmental Performance α: 0.823 AVE: 0.928; CR: 0.842 | EnP | |||
| Reduction of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid waste. | EnP1 | 6.52 | 1.205 | .551 |
| Decrease in frequency of environmental accidents. | EnP2 | 6.57 | 1.263 | .679 |
| Decrease in the use of toxic material harmful to nature. | EnP3 | 6.34 | 1.243 | .715 |
| Reduction of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid waste. | EnP4 | 6.51 | 1.875 | .778 |
| Societal Performance (SoP) α: 0.721; AVE: 0.978; CR: 0.862 | SoP | |||
| The use of indigenous resources helps balanced development. | Sop1 | 6.53 | 1.655 | .837 |
| Eco-innovation initiatives foster social equity. | SoP2 | 6.55 | 1.470 | .765 |
| Eco-innovation initiative accelerates social awareness for green. | SoP3 | 6.66 | 1.692 | .819 |
| Increase in investment for social development. | SoP4 | 6.27 | 1.425 | .817 |
SD: Standard Deviation; FL: Factor Loadings; α: Cronbach's Alpha.