Table 2.
Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the indigenous people for their livestock healthcare in the East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya, India.
| Family/Scientific name/voucher specimen | Vernacular name | Habit | Life cycle | Parts used | Ailments | Used type | Mode of application | Dosage forms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | ||||||||
| Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Ex Nees [NEHU-10862] | Chirota (Kh), Chirota (B) | H | PR | WP | Dysuria | O | Infusion | 1–2 l twice a week given directly in morning hours |
| Justicia adhatoda L. [NEHU-10863] | Tdong Ksaw (Kh), Bashok pata (B) | S | PR | LF | Respiratory disease, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery | O | Paste | Dried 500 g mixed with jiggery and salt, given twice a day |
| Peristrophe bivalvis Merr. [NEHU-10864] | – | H | PR | LF | Health tonic | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Acoraceae | ||||||||
| Acorus calamus L. [NEHU-10874] | Bet (Kh) | H | PR | RH | Ectoparasite control, wound treatment, indigestion | T, O | Decoction | 1–2 l given once a day directly with water for two days |
| Amaranthaceae | ||||||||
| Achyranthus aspera (Lam.) Griseb. [NEHU-10865] | Uptooni gaach (B) | H | AN | LF | Wound treatment, after parturition, respiratory disease | T, O | Paste | NA |
| Amaranthus viridis L. [NEHU-10866] | Jada (Kh), Daata saagh (B) | H | AN | WP | Health tonic, wound treatment, increase lactation | O | Direct feeding | 3–5 kg of whole plant is crushed and mixed with wheat husk for daily basis |
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. [NEHU-10867] | Ellencha (B) | H | AN | WP | Dysentery, diarrhoea | O | Direct feeding | 3–5 kg every day |
| Chenopodium album L. [NEHU-10868] | Bathu saagh (B) | H | AN | LF, SE | Increase lactation | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Amaryllidaceae | ||||||||
| Allium cepa L. [NEHU-10859] | Piat (Kh), Piyaj (B) | H | AN | BL | Cough, dog and insect bite | T, O | Paste | 1 kg mixed with black paper powder (10 g) and green chillies (10 g) and water, given twice a day for cough |
| Allium sativum L. [NEHU-10860] | Rynsun (Kh), Roshun (B) | H | AN | BL | Indigestion, bloat | O | Paste | 150 g mixed with sugar and water given twice a day |
| Crinum longifolium L. [NEHU-10861] | Tiew Lili (Kh), Gorur mod (B) | H | PR | BL | Fever, bone fractured | T, O | Infusion, paste | 250 ml mixed with 1 l of tea, given twice a day for fever |
| Anacardiaceae | ||||||||
| Mangifera indica L. [NEHU-10869] | Soh-pieng (Kh), Aam (B) | T | PR | FR | Constipation, indigestion | O | Paste | 1 kg ripe fruit mixed with Psyllium husk directly per day |
| Rhus javanica L. [NEHU-10870] | Soh-ma (Kh) | T | PR | FR | Foot and mouth disease | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Apiaceae | ||||||||
| Coriandrum sativum L. [NEHU-10855] | Dhunia (Kh), Dhoina (B) | H | AN | LF, SE | Ectoparasite control, diarrhoea | T, O | Paste, direct feeding | 3-5 bundles of leaves and 10 g of soaked seeds mixed with bark of Terminalia arjuna fodder, given twice a day |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. [NEHU-10856] | Khliangsyiar (Kh), Mani muni pata (B) | H | AN | LF | Skin infection, neurological disorder, dysuria | T, O | Infusion | NA |
| Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. [NEHU-10857] | Mani muni pata (B) | H | AN | LF | Health tonic | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague [NEHU-10858] | Ajjwain (B) | H | AN | SE | Indigestion, bloat, after parturition | O | Paste | 20 g mixed with jiggery for daily basis |
| Asparagaceae | ||||||||
| Asparagus racemosus Willd. [NEHU-10872] | Shatavari (B) | H | PR | RT | Increase lactation | O | Decoction | 100 ml mixed with fodder in daily basis |
| Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker [NEHU-10873] | – | H | PR | WP | Ectoparasite control, health tonic | T, O | Decoction | NA |
| Asteraceae | ||||||||
| Artemisia vulgaris L. [NEHU-10852] | Dieng tlio (Kh) | S | PR | LF, FL | Skin infection | T | Paste | 100 g is mixed 20 ml of Eucalyptus oil applied directly twice a day for two weeks |
| Taraxacum officinale Wigg. [NEHU-10853] | – | H | AN | RT | Fever | T | Paste | NA |
| Tagetes erecta L. [NEHU-10854] | Tiew mangor (Kh) | H | AN | LF | Wound treatment | T | Paste | 100 g of dried leaves mixed with 50 g of turmeric powder given once a day |
| Boraginaceae | ||||||||
| Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand [NEHU-10877] | – | H | AN | WP | Wound treatment, conjunctivitis | T | Decoction | NA |
| Brassicaceae | ||||||||
| Brassica campestris L. [NEHU-10878] | Sla-tyrso (Kh) | H | BA | SE | Skin infection, cough and cold, conjunctivitis | T | Paste | 250 g of seed is mixed with 50 g of sulphur, Piper longum L. and diluted with water for daily basis |
| Cannabinaceae | ||||||||
| Cannabis sativa L. [NEHU-10883] | Bhaang gaach (B) | H | AN | LF | Dysentery | O | Juice | 200 ml mixed with fodder, given twice a day |
| Caricaceae | ||||||||
| Carica papaya L. [NEHU-10886] | Pap pay (B) | T | PR | SE | Health tonic | O | Direct feeding | 250 g mixed with jiggery, given once a day |
| Caryophyllaceae | ||||||||
| Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult [NEHU-10885] | – | H | AN | LF | Indigestion | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Commeliaceae | ||||||||
| Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult. f. [NEHU-10880] | – | H | AN | ST | Fever, cough and cold | O | Decoction | 500 ml added common salt, given thrice a day |
| Convolvulaceae | ||||||||
| Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. [NEHU-10881] | Jawieh (Kh), Sonalu lata (B) | P | PR | WP | Bone fracture, foot and mouth disease, indigestion | T, O | Paste | NA |
| Crassulaceae | ||||||||
| Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken [NEHU-10879] | Pathori pata (B) | H | PR | LF | Wound treatment, dysuria | O | Infusion | 500 ml added black salt, given twice a day |
| Cyperaceae | ||||||||
| Cyperus rotundus L. [NEHU-10884] | Mutha gaach (B) | H | PR | LF | Food poisoning | O | Infusion | 500 ml added with 5 l of lukewarm water, given twice a day |
| Equisetaceae | ||||||||
| Equisetum diffusum D. Don [NEHU-10887] | Haddi bhanga (B), Japung blei (Kh) | H | PR | LF | Bone fracture | T | Paste | NA |
| Ericaceae | ||||||||
| Rhododendron arboreum Sm. [NEHU-10892] | Tiew Thuin (Kh) | T | PR | FL | Diarrhoea and dysentery | O | Infusion | 500 ml added with 5 l water, given thrice a day |
| Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude [NEHU-10882] | Diengla-samiang (Kh) | T | PR | RT | Wound treatment | T | Decoction | NA |
| Euphorbiaceae | ||||||||
| Phyllanthus urinaria L. [NEHU-10888] | – | H | PR | LF | Dysuria | O | Infusion | 500 ml added with water given twice a day |
| Phyllanthus emblica L. [NEHU-10889] | Soh maleng (Kh), Amolokhi (B) | T | PR | FL, LF | Fever, cough, anthrax | O | Powder | 50 g (mixed with Ocimum basilicum L. leaves and honey) given twice a day |
| Ricinus communis L. [NEHU-10890] | Sla ryndia (Kh), Bharrond (B) | S | PR | LF, SE | Skin infection, constipation | T, O | Paste and powder | 20 g seed powder directly with fodder once a day |
| Euphorbia hirta L. [NEHU-10891] | Dudhejhar (B) | H | AN | WP | Increase lactation | O | Direct feeding | Ca. 10 plant given directly with banana leaf |
| Fabaceae | ||||||||
| Albizia lebbeck Benth. [NEHU-10893] | Koroi gaach (B) | T | PR | BR | Fever, ectoparasite control | T, O | Decoction | NA |
| Bauhinia variegata L. [NEHU-10894] | Dieng Long (Kh), kancchan mala (B) | T | PR | LF, FL | Conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, dysentery | O | Infusion | 200 ml mixed with the fodder, given twice a day |
| Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze [NEHU-10895] | Polash gaach (B) | T | PR | FL, BR | Bloat, deworming, dysuria | O | Decoction | 1 l added with the jiggery, given once a day |
| Cassia fistula L. [NEHU-10896] | Sonuru gaach (B) | T | PR | SE, FL | Respiratory disease, anthrax | O | Powder | 200 g dried pod/fruit pulp is mixed with fodder, given twice a day |
| Erythrina suberosa Roxb. [NEHU-10897] | Mandal gaach (B) | T | PR | LF | Foot infection | T | Paste | NA |
| Entada scandens Benth. [NEHU-10898] | Mei-nok (Kh), Ghila gaach (B) | C | PR | SE | Fever | T | Powder | 100 g mixed with tea for thrice a day |
| Mimosa pudica L. [NEHU-10899] | Lajja potti (B) | H | PR | LF | Bone fracture | T | Paste | NA |
| Lamiaceae | ||||||||
| Gmelina arborea Roxb. [NEHU-10900] | Ghambhari gaach (B) | T | PR | BR | Fever | T | Decoction | 50 ml mixed with fodder for twice a day |
| Leucas zeylanica Br. [NEHU-10901] | Chondro kolosh (B) | H | AN | LF | Fever, cold and cough | O | Infusion | 200 ml mixed with honey and fodder for once a day |
| Mentha piperata L. [NEHU-10903] | Pudina (Kh), Pudinhara (B) | H | PR | LF | Indigestion, fever | O | Infusion | 1 l is mixed with water for twice a day |
| Ocimum basilicum L. [NEHU-10904] | Tulsi (Kh) | H | AN | LF | Snake bite | T | Paste | NA |
| Ocimum gratissimum L. [NEHU-10905] | Ram tulsi (B) | H | AN | LF | Indigestion, ectoparasite control | T, O | Juice | NA |
| Ocimum tenuiflorium L. [NEHU-10906] | Krishna tulsi (B) | H | AN | SE | Constipation | O | Powder | 100 g (added with sugar and salt) mixed with fodder for twice a day |
| Malvaceae | ||||||||
| Sida acuta Burm. f. [NEHU-10914] | Jhaaru gaach (B) | H | PR | WP | Diarrhoea | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Melastomataceae | ||||||||
| Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. [NEHU-10915] | Ja lyngkthem (Kh) | S | PR | LF, FR | Food poisoning | O | Decoction | 500 ml is mixed with water for twice a day |
| Meliaceae | ||||||||
| Azadirachta indica A juss. [NEHU-10907] | Sla nim (Kh), Neem gaach (B) | T | PR | WP | Skin infection, ectoparasite control, food poisoning | T, O | Decoction | 500 ml is mixed with 20 l water, used externally and 50 ml given directly once a day for food poisoning |
| Melia azedarach L. [NEHU-10908] | Dieng-jah-rasang (Kh), Maha nim (B) | T | PR | LF | Skin infection, foot and mouth disease | T, O | Paste | NA |
| Moraceae | ||||||||
| Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. [NEHU-10909] | Dieng-soh-ram (Kh), Champ kathool (B) | T | PR | LF | Mouth infection | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. [NEHU-10910] | Dieng-soh-phan (Kh), Kathool (B) | T | PR | LF | Increase lactation | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Ficus religiosa L. [NEHU-10911] | Peepal gaach (B) | T | PR | ST | Constipation, respiratory diseases | O | Decoction | 1 l (added Plantigo seed power) with lukewarm water once a day |
| Ficus bengalensis L. [NEHU-10912] | Bood gaach (B) | T | PR | RT | Diarrhoea, dysentery, skin infection | O | Decoction/Paste | NA |
| Ficus hispida L. f. [NEHU-10913] | Jagooth dombol (B) | T | PR | LF | Indigestion | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Musaceae | ||||||||
| Musa paradisiaca L. [NEHU-10916] | Kola gaach (B) | H | PR | LF | Mastitis | T | Paste | NA |
| Oxalidaceae | ||||||||
| Oxalis corniculata L. [NEHU-10917] | Soh-khia-khnai (Kh), Ambuli pata (B) | H | AN | LF | Health tonic, dysentery | O | Direct feeding | 1 kg/day feeding directly |
| Papavareaceae | ||||||||
| Argemone maxicana L. [NEHU-10928] | – | H | AN | LF | Joint pain | T | Paste | NA |
| Pinaceae | ||||||||
| Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon [NEHU-10927] | Sal gaach (B), Dieng Kseh (Kh) | T | PR | BR | Health tonic | T | Oil | 50 ml mixed with coconut oil, used daily basis |
| Plantaginaceae | ||||||||
| Plantago major L. [NEHU-10926] | Skhor blong (Kh) | H | PR | LF | Skin infection | T | Infusion | NA |
| Poaceae | ||||||||
| Cynadon dactylon (L.) Pers. [NEHU-10918] | Durbha pata (B) | H | PR | LF | Mastitis, conjunctivitis | T | Infusion | NA |
| Zea mays L. [NEHU-10919] | Riewhadem (Kh), makooi (B) | H | AN | SE | Increase lactation | O | Powder | 1 kg mixed with fodder, given once in every day |
| Saccharum officinarum L. [NEHU-10920] | Pai (Kh), Gandhari (B) | H | PR | WP | Increase lactation | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Oryza sativa L. [NEHU-10921] | Kba (Kh), Dhan (B) | H | AN | SE | Diarrhoea | O | Direct feeding | 500 g given directly once in every day |
| Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle [NEHU-10922] | – | H | PR | LF | Health tonic | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda [NEHU-10923] | Synsar (Kh) | H | PR | LF | After parturition | T | Paste | NA |
| Polygonaceae | ||||||||
| Rumex nepalensis Spreng [NEHU-10924] | Jungali palong (B) | H | PR | RT | Food poisoning, fever | O | Decoction | 1 l (added with salt and sugar) given twice a day |
| Polygonum strigosum R. Br. [NEHU-10925] | Mutha (B) | H | AN | WP | Health tonic | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Rhamnaceae | ||||||||
| Ziziphus jujube Mill. [NEHU-10939] | Soh-broi (Kh) | T | PR | LF | Skin infection | T | Paste | NA |
| Rosaceae | ||||||||
| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch [NEHU-10929] | Soh-pharang (Kh), Aru fal (B) | T | PR | LF | Conjunctivitis | T | Infusion | NA |
| Rosa indica L. [NEHU-10931] | Tiew kulab (Kh), Gulab ful (B) | S | PR | FL | Increase lactation | O | Direct feeding | 100 g of dried flowers mixed with fodder, given daily basis |
| Rubus ellipticus Smith. [NEHU-10932] | Sia-soh-pru (Kh) | S | PR | ST | Bone fracture | T | Young stem paste | NA |
| Rubiaceae | ||||||||
| Paederia foetida L. [NEHU-10937] | Gondho lota (B) | C | PR | LF | Dysentery, indigestion | O | Juice | 250 ml is added with rice and wheat husks, once a day for 7 days |
| Rubia cordifolia L. [NEHU-10938] | Soh-misem (Kh), manjistha (B) | C | PR | RT, LF | Food poisoning, skin infection | T, O | Decoction and leaf juice | NA |
| Rutaceae | ||||||||
| Murraya koenigii Spreng [NEHU-10933] | Curry pata (B) | T | PR | LF | Indigestion | O | Juice | 100 ml mixed with fodder, given twice a day |
| Aegle marmelos Correa [NEHU-10934] | Soh-bel (Kh), Bel (B) | T | PR | FR | Indigestion, bloat, fever | O | Direct feeding | Few ripe fruits on daily basis |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. [NEHU-10935] | Soh-jaw (Kh), Nibu (B) | T | PR | FR | Indigestion | O | Direct feeding | 2-5 ripe fruits on daily basis |
| Zanthoxylum armatum Roxb. [NEHU-10936] | Jai-ur-khlaw (Kh), Gul morich (B) | T | PR | BR, LF | Indigestion, endoparasite control | T | Bark pastes and leaf Infusion | NA |
| Solanaceae | ||||||||
| Capsicum annuum L. [NEHU-10940] | Soh-mynken (Kh), Kacha lonka (B) | H | AN | FR | Haemorrhagic septicaemia | O | Decoction | 500 ml added with salt is given directly once a day for 3 days |
| Solanum esculentum Mill. [NEHU-10941] | Soh-saw (Kh), Tomato (B) | H | AN | FR | Conjunctivitis | T | Juice | NA |
| Solanum nigrum L. [NEHU-10942] | Kynbat iong (Kh), Tita begun (B) | H | AN | LF | Food poisoning, dysuria | O | Direct feeding | NA |
| Datura metel L. [NEHU-10943] | Syntiew-Khlieh-biej (Kh), Dhutra gaach (B) | S | AN | LF, SE | Skin infection, insect bite | T | Paste | NA |
| Theaceae | ||||||||
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kunteze [NEHU-10945] | Sla-Scha (Kh), Cha-patti (B) | S | PR | LF | Fever | O | Infusion | 1 l is mixed with ginger and jiggery given once a day |
| Schima wallichi Choisy [NEHU-10946] | Dieng-ngan (Kh), Maakri sal gaach (B) | T | PR | BR | Wound treatment, endoparasite control | T, O | Powder | 100 g mixed with wheat husks, given twice a day at morning time |
| Thelypteridaceae | ||||||||
| Christella parasitica H. L. [NEHU-10944] | – | F | PR | LF, RH | Food poisoning | O | Decoction | 200 ml mixed with turmeric and fodder, given twice a day |
| Verbenaceae | ||||||||
| Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson [NEHU-10947] | Soh-pung-khleh (Kh) | S | PR | FL, LF | Fever, skin infection | T, O | Paste | NA |
| Clerodendron serratum L. [NEHU-10948] | Rilong-phlang (Kh) | S | PR | LF, FL | Food poisoning | O | Juice | 1 l mixed with water, given twice a day |
| Xanthorrhoeaceae | ||||||||
| Aloe barbediensis L. [NEHU-10949] | Kynbat-khluid-ding (Kh), Gritha kumara (B) | H | PR | ST | Endoparasite control | O | Decoction | 500 ml added with fodder, given twice a day |
| Zingiberaceae | ||||||||
| Curcuma caesia Roxb. [NEHU-10950] | Kala haldi (B) | H | PR | RH | Dysentery | O | Paste | 250 ml added with jiggery given thrice a day |
| Curcuma longa L. [NEHU-10951] | Shymai (Kh), Hauldi (B) | H | PR | RH | Mastitis, wound treatment, joint pain | T | Paste | NA |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe [NEHU-10952] | Ada (B) | H | PR | RH | Indigestion | O | Decoction | 250 ml mixed with 1 l of water and is given directly after having fodder |
Legends: H = Herb, S = Shrub, T = Tree, P = Parasite, C = Climber, F = Fern, AN = Annual, BA = Biannual, PR = Perennial, LF = Leaf, RT = Root, SE = Seed, ST = Stem, BL = Bulb, BR = Bark, ST = Stem, DP = Direct feeding, FR = Fruit, FL = Flower, RH = Rhizome, WP = Whole plant, O = Oral, T = Topical, NA = Not available.