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Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways involved in DE formation
Activin/Nodal signaling through pSMAD2 participates in the mesendoderm formation. The inhibition of PI3K maximizes Activin A-induced DE formation. FGFR-ERK signaling is involved in specifying mesendoderm formation through regulating EOMES expression. IGF1R and FGF2-FGFR converge at pERK1/2 signaling to drive the formation of SOX17+ DE past initiation.
