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. 2023 Jul 13;9(7):e18255. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18255

Table 5.

Estimated values for different ecosystem service functions of Ukhiya and Teknaf Upazilas from 2017 to 2021.

Ecosystem functions Sub-types Ecosystem service value (million US$)
Changes from 2017 to 2021
2017 2021 million US$ percentage
Provisioning Food production 1.91 1.71 −0.20 −10.61
Raw material 3.45 2.69 −0.76 −21.97
Regulating Gas regulation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Climate regulation 3.52 2.75 −0.77 −21.97
Disturbance regulation 0.05 0.04 −0.01 −21.97
Water regulation 27.27 30.64 3.37 12.35
Water supply 10.66 11.96 1.30 12.17
Waste treatment 5.50 5.43 −0.06 −1.18
Supporting Soil-formation and retention 0.25 0.19 −0.05 −21.97
Nutrient cycling 9.02 7.04 −1.98 −21.97
Erosion control 2.40 1.87 −0.53 −21.97
Pollination 0.16 0.17 0.00 1.21
Biodiversity 0.33 0.32 −0.01 −2.29
Genetic resources 0.40 0.31 −0.09 −21.97
Culture Recreation and tourism 2.85 2.62 −0.23 −8.09
Cultural 0.05 0.04 −0.01 −21.97