Table 5. Outcomes measures of included studies.

APACHE II, Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation version II; CCI, Carlson Comorbidity Index; CLABSI, central line-associated bloodstream infection; CVC, central venous catheter; DRG, diagnosis-related group; HAI, healthcare-associated infection; ICU, intensive care unit; PICC, peripherally inserted central catheters; IR, incidence density rate; SICU, surgical intensive care unit; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; USD, United States Dollars

Study	Prevalence/infection rate	Risk factors	CLABSI-associated mortality	Hospital cost (USD 2,010)	Length of hospital admission	Catheter days
Dipietro et al. [29]	69%	Younger age, greater surgical complexity, and total catheter days	127	NR	NR	58 (28–135)
Herc et al. [24]	1.10%	Hematological cancer, insertion, multilumen PICC, solid cancers with ongoing chemotherapy, CLABSI within 3 months of PICC, receipt of TPN, presence of another CVC at the time of PICC placement	NR	NR	4 (2–8)	NR
Hernández-Aceituno et al. [28]	G1: 5.05%; G2: 2.28%	Replacement of CVC, two or more catheterizations, parenteral nutrition	NR	NR	G1: 20.3 (15.6); G2: 18.3 (14.3)	G1: 6.8 (5.1); G2: 7.7 (6.6)
Kim et al. [25]	NR	CLABSI proved to be significantly less frequent after tunneling than after conventional PICC placement	NR	NR	Tunneled: 32 (3–377); conventional: 33.5 (0–544)	Total catheter indwelling times: 6,972 days and 7,574 days with median durations of 15.5 days (range, 2–188 days) and 16.0 days (range, 2–134 days) in tPICC and cPICC groups
Lissauer et al. [21]	5.20%	Male sex, CCI 2, higher APACHE IV score, severity of illness, higher predicted ICU mortality, admission to the emergency surgery service, CPT 49002 was used as a surrogate for the open abdomen, admission to the SICU from another unit in the hospital for higher level of care, and readmission to the SICU during the same hospital stay following a previous SICU admission	NR	NR	NR	NR
Rhee et al. [22]	0.35 per 1,000 patient days	Hematologic malignancy	18.30%	NR	16±13.3
Advani et al. [18]	2.01 per 1 000 catheter-days	Catheter duration	NR	NR	NR	1-60 days
Torre et al. [26]	3.9 per 1 000 catheter-days	More than one CVC at once, longer duration of CVC use	12.2%	NR	NR	NR
Wong et al. [23]	1.12 per 1,000 ICU CVC days	Double-lumen catheter insertion, CVC exposure > 7 days, and CVC insertion before 2011	NR	NR	NR	NR
Stevens et al. [19]	NR	APACHE II, multiple catheters, days in the ICU, multiple surgery, longer days in stepdown care, CCI, and DRG	CLABSI: 28.4% No CLABSI: 9%	CLABSI: 118,823 (172,555) USD; no CLABSI: 25,976 (44,270) USD	Pre-CLABSI length of stay: 24.0 days (30.0 days); post-CLABSI length of stay: 18.0 days (27.0 days); CLABSI: 43.0 (54.0); no CLABSI: 13.0 (18.0)	NR
Jeong et al. [32]	Phase 1: 3.7 per 1 000 catheter-days; phase 2: 2.1 per 1 000 catheter-days	Prolonged central line dwell days, use of a silicone catheter, surgical treatment, and less probiotic supplementation	NR	NR	CLABSI: 83.74±46.18; control: 64.77±42.73	NR
Malek et al. [27]	6 cases per 1,000 central line-days	Long ICU stay of 5 days or more, mechanical ventilation and the presence of heart failure long ICU stay of 5 days or more, mechanical ventilation and the presence of heart failure long ICU stay of 5 days or more, mechanical ventilation and the presence of heart failure long ICU stay of 5 days or more, mechanical ventilation and the presence of heart failure	16.8%	NR	CLABSI: ≥ 5 days (92.5%); no CLABSI: ≥5 days (7.5%)	NR
Ahn et al. [30]	3.7%	NR	36.3%	NR	NR	NR
Baier et al. [31]	18.2%; IR of 10.6 cases per 1,000 CVC days	CVC insertion for conditioning for stem cell transplantation, use of more than one CVC per case, leukocytopenia (≤1,000/μL), acute myeloid leukemia, carbapenem therapy, and pulmonary diseases	CLABSI: 7%; no CLABSI: 4%	8,810€ per case	CLABSI: 47 days; no CLABSI: 22 days	NR
Khieosanuk et al. [20]	3.2 per 1,000 catheter -days	Number of CVC lumen and place of catheter insertion	NR	NR	NR	NR