Table 4.
Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on lipid profiles in adults.
| NO | WMD (95%CI) | p-value | Heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P heterogeneity | I2 | P between sub-groups | ||||
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on TG | ||||||
| Overall effect | 10 | −13.85 (−27.21, −0.49) | 0.042 | 0.001 | 69.5% | |
| Baseline TG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <150 | 4 | 3.96 (−2.88, 10.82) | 0.256 | 0.721 | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| >150 | 6 | −37.13 (−52.16, −22.11) | <0.001 | 0.491 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 5 | 3.25 (−3.46, 9.97) | 0.343 | 0.654 | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| >6 | 5 | −42.28 (−58.96, −25.60) | <0.001 | 0.648 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 6 | −23.03 (−44.97, −1.09) | 0.040 | <0.001 | 82.6% | 0.107 |
| ≤500 | 4 | −2.63 (−14.21, 8.93) | 0.655 | 0.829 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 5 | −13.79 (−34.15, 6.55) | 0.184 | <0.001 | 80.0% | 0.925 |
| non-CVD | 5 | −15.14 (−34.53, 4.25) | 0.126 | 0.074 | 53.0% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 9 | −16.20 (−31.10, −1.31) | 0.033 | <0.001 | 72.9% | 0.261 |
| Male only | 1 | 0.00 (−23.98, 23.98) | 1 | - | - | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 7 | −7.51 (−21.18, 6.15) | 0.281 | 0.003 | 69.5% | 0.055 |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | −33.52 (−56.34, −10.70) | 0.004 | 0.349 | 5.0% | |
| Age(year) | ||||||
| ≥50 | 6 | 2.86 (−3.78, 9.50) | 0.399 | 0.700 | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| <50 | 4 | −47.41 (−65.512, −29.32) | <0.001 | 0.935 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on TC | ||||||
| Overall effect | 9 | −5.42 (−10.10, −0.75) | 0.023 | 0.769 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline TC (mg/dl) | ||||||
| 200≤ | 4 | −3.29 (−9.20, 2.60) | 0.274 | 0.535 | 0.0% | 0.247 |
| 200> | 5 | −9.00 (−16.64, −1.35) | 0.021 | 0.848 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 5 | −3.88 (−9.55, 1.79) | 0.180 | 0.613 | 0.0% | 0.347 |
| >6 | 4 | −8.68 (−16.91, −0.45) | 0.039 | 0.721 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 5 | −6.05 (−11.60, −0.50) | 0.033 | 0.517 | 0.0% | 0.683 |
| ≤500 | 4 | −3.90 (−12.56, 4.75) | 0.376 | 0.686 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 4 | −4.67 (−10.75, 1.41) | 0.132 | 0.565 | 0.0% | 0.704 |
| Non-CVD | 5 | −6.51 (−13.80, 0.77) | 0.080 | 0.607 | 0.0% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 8 | −5.10 (−9.89, −0.31) | 0.037 | 0.715 | 0.0% | 0.555 |
| Male only | 1 | −11.58 (−32.53, 9.37) | 0.279 | - | - | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 6 | −3.55 (−8.84, 1.74) | 0.189 | 0.753 | 0.0% | 0.141 |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | −11.99 (−21.91, −2.08) | 0.018 | 0.965 | 0.0% | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 | 6 | −3.53 (−8.95, 1.88) | 0.201 | 0.725 | 0.0% | 0.177 |
| <50 | 3 | −10.90 (−20.13, −1.68) | 0.020 | 0.890 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on LDL | ||||||
| Overall effect | 9 | −5.29 (−9.63, −0.95) | 0.017 | 0.628 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline LDL (mg/dl) | ||||||
| >130 | 4 | −5.45 (−12.42, 1.52) | 0.125 | 0.288 | 20.3% | 0.824 |
| <130 | 5 | −6.55 (−13.37, 0.25) | 0.059 | 0.703 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 5 | −4.64 (−10.04, 0.76) | 0.092 | 0.429 | 0.0% | 0.689 |
| >6 | 4 | −6.49 (−13.80, 0.81) | 0.082 | 0.536 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 5 | −7.24 (−13.86, −0.62) | 0.032 | 0.272 | 22.4% | 0.543 |
| ≤500 | 4 | −4.14 (−11.64, 3.36) | 0.279 | 0.831 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 4 | −4.82 (−11.29, 1.65) | 0.145 | 0.337 | 11.2% | 0.687 |
| non-CVD | 5 | −6.73 (−13.43, −0.03) | 0.049 | 0.647 | 0.0% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 8 | −5.01 (−9.45, −0.57) | 0.027 | 0.562 | 0.0% | 0.548 |
| Male only | 1 | −11.58 (−32.53, 9.37) | 0.279 | - | - | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 6 | −3.84 (−8.67, 0.98) | 0.119 | 0.540 | 0.0% | 0.178 |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | −11.43 (−21.36, −1.49) | 0.024 | 0.864 | 0.0% | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 | 6 | −3.98 (−8.91, 0.93) | 0.112 | 0.526 | 0.0% | 0.269 |
| <50 | 3 | −9.88 (−19.11, −0.65) | 0.036 | 0.674 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on HDL | ||||||
| Overall effect | 10 | 1.37 (−0.52, 3.27) | 0.157 | 0.184 | 28.3% | |
| Baseline HDL (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <40 | 7 | 1.76 (−0.62, 4.14) | 0.781 | 0.115 | 41.4% | 0.289 |
| >40 | 3 | −0.48 (−3.87, 2.91) | 0.147 | 0.978 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 5 | 1.84 (−1.43, 5.13) | 0.270 | 0.074 | 53.1% | 0.487 |
| >6 | 5 | 0.41 (−1.92, 2.75) | 0.726 | 0.816 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 6 | 1.75 (−0.75, 4.26) | 0.169 | 0.077 | 49.7% | 0.387 |
| ≤500 | 4 | −0.12 (−3.57, 3.32) | 0.939 | 0.787 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 5 | 1.68 (−1.22, 4.60) | 0.256 | 0.043 | 59.4% | 0.551 |
| Non-CVD | 5 | 0.42 (−2.54, 3.39) | 0.779 | 0.827 | 0.0% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 9 | 1.35 (−0.67, 3.37) | 0.190 | 0.133 | 35.7% | 0.804 |
| Male only | 1 | 0.00 (−10.47, 10.47) | 1 | - | - | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 7 | 1.06 (−1.75, 3.88) | 0.460 | 0.057 | 50.9% | 0.925 |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | 1.26 (−1.73, 4.25) | 0.409 | 0.929 | 0.0% | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 | 6 | 1.21 (−2.08, 4.51) | 0.47 | 0.055 | 53.8% | 0.822 |
| <50 | 4 | 0.74 (−1.67, 3.16) | 0.545 | 0.938 | 0.0% | |
CI, confidence interval; WMD, weighted mean differences; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high- density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease. Subgroup analyses have been done. p < 0.05 was considered a significance. Bold values are significant.