Table 6.
Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on inflammatory markers in adults.
| NO | WMD (95%CI) | P-value | Heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P heterogeneity | I2 | P between sub-groups | ||||
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on CRP | ||||||
| Overall effect | 9 | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | 0.560 | 0.002 | 66.9% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 4 | −0.25 (−0.97, 0.46) | 0.492 | 0.001 | 82.6% | 0.503 |
| >6 | 5 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.243 | 0.486 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 4 | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.624 | 0.154 | 42.9% | 0.291 |
| ≤500 | 5 | −0.34 (−0.98, 0.28) | 0.283 | 0.041 | 59.9% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 3 | −0.55 (−1.93, 0.81) | 0.427 | 0.042 | 68.5% | 0.438 |
| Non-CVD | 6 | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.528 | 0.004 | 71.2% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 7 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03) | 0.526 | 0.001 | 74.9% | 0.633 |
| Male only | 2 | 0.10 (−0.37, 0.57) | 0.678 | 0.778 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | 0.25 (−0.91, 1.42) | 0.670 | - | - | 0.630 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 5 | −0.27 (−0.88, 0.33) | 0.382 | 0.002 | 76.3% | |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.478 | 0.219 | 34.2% | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 | 5 | −0.25 (−0.91, 0.41) | 0.458 | 0.002 | 76.9% | 0.469 |
| <50 | 4 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.353 | 0.339 | 10.8% | |
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on IL-6 | ||||||
| Overall effect | 5 | −0.68 (−1.55, 0.18) | 0.121 | 0.208 | 32.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 2 | −0.83 (−1.79, 0.11) | 0.085 | 0.128 | 51.3% | 0.240 |
| >6 | 3 | 1.26 (−2.11, 4.63) | 0.464 | 0.486 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 1 | −2.73 (−4.88, −0.57) | 0.013 | - | - | 0.054 |
| ≤500 | 4 | −0.53 (−1.08, 0.00) | 0.052 | 0.541 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 1 | −2.73 (−4.88, −0.57) | 0.013 | - | - | |
| Non-CVD | 4 | −0.53 (−1.08, 0.00) | 0.052 | 0.541 | 0.0% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 3 | −1.14 (−3.06, 0.77) | 0.242 | 0.104 | 55.8% | 0.372 |
| Male only | 2 | −0.14 (−1.23, 0.94) | 0.801 | 0.674 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | 0.64 (−3.15, 4.43) | 0.741 | - | - | 0.480 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 4 | −0.77 (−1.75, 0.20) | 0.122 | 0.144 | 44.6% | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 | 4 | −0.77 (−1.75, 0.20) | 0.122 | 0.144 | 44.6% | 0.480 |
| <50 | 1 | 0.64 (−3.15, 4.43) | 0.741 | - | - | |
| Subgroup analyses of hesperidin supplementation on TNF-α | ||||||
| Overall effect | 5 | −2.74 (−4.89, −0.60) | 0.012 | <0.001 | 82.1% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 1 | −2.30 (−4.13, −0.46) | 0.014 | - | - | 0.673 |
| >6 | 4 | −3.03 (−5.92, −0.14) | 0.039 | <0.001 | 84.8% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| >500 | 3 | −3.93 (−5.57, −2.28) | <0.001 | 0.412 | 0.0% | 0.038 |
| ≤500 | 2 | −0.99 (−3.22, 1.24) | 0.384 | 0.024 | 80.5% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| CVD | 1 | −3.15 (−5.29, −1.00) | 0.004 | - | - | 0.788 |
| Non-CVD | 4 | −2.69 (−5.24, −0.14) | 0.039 | 0.001 | 83.0% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Both sexes | 4 | −3.28 (−4.64, −1.93) | <0.001 | 0.327 | 13.1% | <0.001 |
| Male only | 1 | 0.00 (−0.76, 0.76) | 1 | - | - | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | 0.00 (−0.76, 0.76) | 1 | - | - | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 2 | −2.66 (−4.05, −1.26) | <0.001 | 0.555 | 0.0% | |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −5.06 (−7.63, −2.48) | <0.001 | 0.470 | 0.0% | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 | 1 | −2.30 (−4.13, −0.46) | 0.014 | - | - | 0.673 |
| <50 | 4 | −3.03 (−5.92, −0.14) | 0.039 | <0.001 | 84.8% | |
CI, confidence interval; WMD, weighted mean differences; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease. Subgroup analyses have been done. P < 0.05 was considered a significance. Bold values are significant.