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. 2023 Apr 5;43(8):1254–1266. doi: 10.1177/0271678X231167753

Table 3.

Peak cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to visual stimuli.

Peak variables Model 1: Age
 Model 2: Age and Sex (M = 30 F = 34)
 Model 3: Interaction (Age × Sex)
Age
 Sex
P-value R2 β P-value β P-value β R2 P-value R2 β Males β Females
PCAv (cm/s) 0.013 0.093 −0.20 ± 0.08 0.012 −0.20 ± 0.08 0.18 3.6 ± 2.6 0.12 0.013 0.21 −0.02 ± 0.10 −0.40 ± 0.11
Relative change (%) 0.65 0.003 0.028 ± 0.061 0.66 0.028 ± 0.061 0.90 0.28 ± 2.1 0.004 0.014 0.010 −0.11 ± 0.08 0.19 ± 0.09
PCAv AUC (cm/s/s) 0.61 0.004 −0.24 ± 0.47 0.59 −0.25 ± 0.47 0.66 7.3 ± 16.2 0.007 0.31 0.024 −0.69 ± 0.64 0.26 ± 0.69
Time to peak 0.13 0.037 0.084 ± 0.054 0.14 0.083 ± 0.055 0.79 0.51 ± 1.90 0.038 0.95 0.038 0.086 ± 0.076 0.080 ± 0.081
CVRi (mmHg/cms−1) <0.001 0.24 0.021 ± 0.005 <0.001 0.021 ± 0.005 0.79 −0.044 ± 0.17 0.24 0.03 0.30 0.011 ± 0.006 0.032 ± 0.007
CVC (cms−1/mmHg) <0.001 0.23 −0.004 ± 0.001 <0.001 −0.004 ± 0.001 0.31 0.034 ± 0.033 0.24 0.014 0.31 −0.002 ± 0.001 −0.007 ± 0.001
PCAv Amp (cm/s) 0.97 0.00 −0.001 ± 0.02 0.98 −0.001 ± 0.02 0.66 0.036 ± 0.82 0.005 0.18 0.051 −0.34 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.03
PCAv τ (s) 0.50 0.011 0.021 ± 0.031 0.50 0.021 ± 0.032 0.83 0.25 ± 1.1 0.013 0.63 0.019 0.004 ± 0.05 0.04 ± 0.04
PCAv TD (s) 0.59 0.009 −0.016 ± 0.03 0.46 −0.020 ± 0.03 0.007 2.6 ± 0.9 0.21 0.84 0.21 −0.016 ± 0.04 −0.026 ± 0.039
PETCO2 (mmHg) 0.32 0.016 −0.04 ± 0.04 0.34 −0.04 ± 0.04 0.52 −0.88 ± 1.36 0.023 0.025 0.10 −0.12 ± 0.052 0.055 ± 0.056
Heart Rate (bpm) 0.81 0.001 0.021 ± 0.09 0.82 0.021 ± 0.09 0.92 0.30 ± 3.15 0.001 0.82 0.002 0.002 ± 0.13 0.043 ± 0.13

Data presented as mean ± SD. Bold indicated significant relationship (P < 0.05). Model 1 presents the relationship between age and the indicated variable. Model 2 presents the addition of sex to the model and the relationship between age and sex with the indicated variable. Model 3 indicates if sex moderates the relationship between age and the indicated variable, with individual beta-coefficients shown for males and females. In model 1, 2 and 3 the R2 value reflects the full model. In model 1 and 3 β represents the unstandardised beta coefficient representing the change in variable units for every year increase in age. In model 2 the β coefficient provides the difference in females vs males in the variable units. PCAv: posterior cerebral artery velocity; AUC: area under the curve; Amp: amplitude; τ: time constant; TD: time delay; CVRi: cerebrovascular resistance index; CVC: cerebrovascular conductance index; MAP: mean arterial pressure; PETCO2: end-tidal carbon dioxide.