TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the 17 studies included in this scoping review
| Cohort | Study design | Study population | Comparison group | n with cGVHD (%) | n with BOS (%) | Timing of PFTs | MBW inert gas used | ||
| n | Sex (% male) | Age | |||||||
| Paediatric subjects | |||||||||
| Uhlving et al. [42, 72] | Cross-sectional | 64 | 58 | Mean age at HSCT: 7.8 years | 64 age- and sex-matched healthy controls | 11 (17) current of prior cGHVD | 1 (2) prior BOS | Mean 7 years (range: 3.5–10.4) after HSCT | N2 |
| Rayment et al. [46, 73] | Cross-sectional | 26 | 65 | Median age at testing: 11.1 years | NA | NA | 12 (46.2), of which six quiescent | Between 100 days and 5 years after HSCT | N2 |
| Schindera et al. [43] and Usemann et al. [74–76] | Cross-sectional | 5 HSCT recipients (out of 46 adult childhood cancer survivors) | 52 (of entire cohort) | Median age at testing: 30 years (entire cohort) | NA | NA | NA | Median 20 years after diagnosis (entire cohort) | N2 |
| Jayasuriya et al. [47, 60, 71, 77, 78] | Cross-sectional/longitudinal | 30, MBW cross-sectional data available for 24 and longitudinal for 17; oscillometry available for 5 | 67 | Median age at testing: 14.3 years | NA | NA | NA | Median 4.8 years after HSCT and a median 1.2 years following initial test | SF6 and He |
| Kavouridou et al. [56] | Longitudinal | 110, data available for 62 | NA | Mean age at time of HSCT: 9.6 years (entire cohort) | NA | NA | 4 (6) | Baseline and 1 year after HSCT | SF6 |
| Uhlving et al. [57] and Jensen et al. [79] | Longitudinal | 28 | 68 | Median age at time of HSCT: 11.1 years | NA | 8 (29), two of which without pulmonary involvement | 6 (21) | Baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after HSCT | SF6 |
| Wong et al. [54], Hardaker et al. [80–82] and Robinson et al. [83] | Longitudinal | 24 | 71 | Mean age at HSCT: 10.2 years | NA | 4 (17) with cGVHD without pulmonary involvement | 3 (13) | Baseline, monthly in the first year after HSCT and 6-monthly in the 2 years thereafter | N2 |
| Walther et al. [55] | Longitudinal | 14 | 64 | Mean age at HSCT: 6 years | NA | 14 (100) | 14 (100) | Baseline and between 1 and 13.6 years after HSCT; timing of MBW not given | SF6 |
| Khalid et al. [58] | Case report with longitudinal measurement | 3 | 100 | Median age at HSCT: 1 year | NA | 2 (67) with cGVHD in other organ systems | 3 (100) | Variable, no baseline MBW | NA |
| Adult subjects | |||||||||
| Nyilas et al. [44] and Baumeler et al. [84, 85] | Cross-sectional | 225 | 57 | Mean age at testing: 52.8 years | NA | 48 (21.3) with cGVHD without pulmonary involvement | 64 (28.4) with BOS and 23 (10.2) with BO | Median 5.4 years after HSCT | N2 |
| De Giacomi et al. [45, 86, 87] | Cross-sectional | 78 | NA | NA | 41 healthy controls 8 patients with COPD |
NA | 38 (49) | Unknown | N2 |
| Lahzami et al. [48, 88] and Pechey et al. [89] | Cross-sectional/longitudinal | 33, with longitudinal data available for 22 | 67 | Mean age at time of testing: 47 years | NA | 18 (55) | 8 (24) | Median 12 months after HSCT (range: 3–73 months) and median 10 months thereafter | N2 |
| Blin et al. [52] | Longitudinal | 68 | 69 | Median age at time of testing: 50 years | NA | 26 (38) cGVHD at start of testing | 9 (13) with BOS diagnosed after start of study | 3-monthly for 2 years starting at median 217 days after HSCT | – |
| Htun et al. [50, 90] | Longitudinal | 65 | 54 | Mean age at HSCT: 50.3 years | NA | NA | NA | Baseline, 3-monthly during the first year post-HSCT or monthly if FEV1 declined by 10% or more | N2 |
| Barisione et al. 2012 [53, 91] | Longitudinal | 26 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 2 weeks pre- and 2 months post-HSCT | – |
| Schoeffel et al. [49, 59] | Longitudinal | 23 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3 (13) | Baseline, 100 days and 12 months post-HSCT, with 24 months post-HSCT testing available for one subject | N2 |
| Rutting et al. [51, 92] | Longitudinal | 16 | NA | NA | 20 COPD and 25 asthma patients, and 12 healthy controls | NA | NA | Routine clinic visits | – |
BO: bronchiolitis obliterans; BOS: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome; cGVHD: chronic graft-versus-host disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the 1 s; HSCT: haematopoietic stem cell transplantation; MBW: multiple breath washout; NA: not available; PFT: pulmonary function test.