Table 2. Characteristics of Individuals With a Live Birth in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2016-2020.
| No. of participants (weighted %) by delivery yeara | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
| No. included in the primary analysis | 29 346 | 31 276 | 36 476 | 37 347 | 33 260 |
| Weighted No.a | 1 655 515 | 1 604 942 | 1 829 709 | 1 922 077 | 1 702 215 |
| Age group, y | n = 29 346 | n = 31 276 | n = 36 476 | n = 37 343 | n = 33 258 |
| <20 | 1316 (4.3) | 1371 (3.9) | 1558 (3.8) | 1364 (3.7) | 1221 (3.5) |
| 20-24 | 5189 (17.1) | 5546 (17.7) | 6422 (18.1) | 6141 (17.3) | 5604 (16.8) |
| 25-29 | 8618 (29.5) | 9318 (29.2) | 10 584 (29.1) | 10 678 (28.8) | 9322 (28.2) |
| 30-34 | 8835 (31.2) | 9368 (30.7) | 11 081 (30.1) | 11 637 (30.6) | 10 427 (31.7) |
| 35-39 | 4409 (14.7) | 4668 (15.2) | 5624 (15.7) | 6177 (16.2) | 5465 (16.3) |
| ≥40 | 979 (3.2) | 1005 (3.3) | 1207 (3.3) | 1346 (3.3) | 1219 (3.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | n = 29 121 | n = 31 071 | n = 36 278 | n = 37 131 | n = 33 073 |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 890 (0.7) | 1182 (0.8) | 1294 (0.8) | 1143 (0.5) | 1290 (0.7) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2261 (6.2) | 1745 (5.2) | 2315 (5.0) | 2606 (4.8) | 2511 (5.2) |
| Hispanic | 5073 (20.2) | 5142 (14.1) | 6052 (13.8) | 6421 (15.9) | 5607 (17.0) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 4623 (12.2) | 5482 (14.2) | 6492 (14.2) | 6153 (15.8) | 5565 (14.6) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 14 703 (57.9) | 16 087 (62.7) | 18 123 (63.2) | 18 747 (59.9) | 16 055 (59.4) |
| Other or multiracialb | 1571 (2.9) | 1433 (2.9) | 2002 (3.0) | 2061 (3.0) | 2045 (3.2) |
| Language of survey | n = 29 346 | n = 31 276 | n = 36 476 | n = 37 347 | n = 33 260 |
| English | 27 641 (92.8) | 28 958 (93.8) | 33 972 (94.1) | 34 653 (93.6) | 31 181 (94.0) |
| Spanish | 1670 (7.0) | 2277 (6.0) | 2473 (5.8) | 2646 (6.1) | 2055 (5.9) |
| Chinese | 35 (0.2) | 41 (0.2) | 31 (0.1) | 48 (0.2) | 24 (0.1) |
| Education | n = 29 031 | n = 31 040 | n = 36 185 | n = 37 103 | n = 33 055 |
| High school or less | 9512 (32.3) | 10 150 (31.7) | 11 911 (32.6) | 11 236 (32.1) | 10 399 (31.9) |
| Greater than high school | 19 519 (67.7) | 20 890 (68.3) | 24 274 (67.4) | 25 867 (67.9) | 22 656 (68.1) |
| Postpartum insurancec | n = 29 012 | n = 30 873 | n = 36 098 | n = 36 867 | n = 32 914 |
| Any private insurance | 16 406 (58.8) | 17 072 (59.0) | 20 015 (58.3) | 21 222 (58.7) | 18 243 (57.7) |
| Medicaid | 8185 (22.6) | 9397 (26.8) | 10 807 (26.5) | 10 761 (26.8) | 11 455 (32.2) |
| Other government insurance | 1232 (4.2) | 1177 (3.6) | 1445 (3.9) | 1231 (3.2) | 1154 (3.2) |
| Other insurance | 766 (3.3) | 790 (2.4) | 892 (2.6) | 809 (2.2) | 634 (2.1) |
| No insurance | 2423 (11.3) | 2437 (8.1) | 2939 (8.7) | 2844 (9.0) | 1428 (4.8) |
| Prepregnancy clinical cardiovascular risk factors | n = 29 346 | n = 31 276 | n = 36 476 | n = 37 347 | n = 33 260 |
| Any cardiovascular risk factord | 8461 (27.2) | 9658 (28.7) | 11 309 (29.7) | 11 562 (30.0) | 10 821 (30.7) |
| Prepregnancy diabetes | 1116 (3.8) | 1162 (3.0) | 1187 (3.5) | 1099 (2.9) | 1077 (2.6) |
| Prepregnancy hypertension | 1764 (5.3) | 1964 (5.0) | 2167 (5.6) | 2082 (4.7) | 2073 (5.1) |
| Prepregnancy obesity | 7225 (23.3) | 8360 (25.3) | 9957 (26.0) | 10 266 (26.9) | 9532 (27.5) |
| Adverse pregnancy outcomes | n = 29 346 | n = 31 276 | n = 36 476 | n = 37 347 | n = 33 260 |
| Any adverse pregnancy outcomee | 9246 (22.3) | 9547 (23.0) | 11 303 (23.5) | 12 294 (25.4) | 11 360 (26.1) |
| Gestational diabetes | 2483 (8.0) | 2824 (8.2) | 3285 (8.2) | 3600 (9.0) | 3529 (10.1) |
| Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy | 3528 (9.7) | 3918 (10.5) | 4655 (11.2) | 5218 (12.4) | 4879 (12.3) |
| Preterm birth | 5474 (8.7) | 5170 (8.6) | 6177 (8.6) | 6550 (9.0) | 5909 (8.9) |
| No. of total cardiovascular risk factorsf | n = 29 346 | n = 31 276 | n = 36 476 | n = 37 347 | n = 33 260 |
| No risk factors | 15 081 (59.1) | 15 882 (57.2) | 18 460 (56.5) | 18 396 (55.1) | 15 961 (54.8) |
| 1 Risk factor | 8749 (26.7) | 9370 (28.7) | 10 947 (28.0) | 11 546 (29.3) | 10 072 (28.5) |
| ≥2 Risk factors | 5516 (14.2) | 6024 (14.1) | 7069 (15.4) | 7405 (15.7) | 7227 (16.7) |
a
Weighted to account for Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System sampling design.
b
The category of other includes individuals who did not identify as any of the races or ethnicities listed in this table.
c
Indicates insurance at survey completion (2-6 months postpartum).
d
Category is defined as the presence of prepregnancy diabetes, prepregnancy hypertension, and/or prepregnancy obesity.
e
Category is defined as the presence of gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and/or preterm birth.
f
Indicates the sum of the following risk factors: prepregnancy diabetes, prepregnancy hypertension, prepregnancy obesity, gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and preterm birth.