Figure 4.

Procedures for applying adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs). Green arrows indicate the isolation of ADSCs. Adipose tissues are harvested from healthy donors or patients using liposuction and processed using enzymatical or mechanical procedures to separate stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Then ADSCs are obtained through seeding SVF in culture. Yellow arrows indicate the clinical use of ADSCs. According to the damaged organs of patients, ADSCs can be directly administered, preconditioned to enhance therapeutic effects, or combined with biomaterials for tissue engineering. Blue arrows indicate the storage of ADSCs. Cryopreserved ADSCs can be transported to medical institutions at a distance or ADSCs banks for long‐term storage until needed.