Figure 12.

Schematic illustration of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can enter cells through angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), thus lung tissues with high expression of ACE2 become the main targets for the novel coronavirus to invade. Dysregulated and excessive immune responses arising from virus infection cause a cytokine storm. ADSCs can secrete anti‐inflammatory cytokines that facilitate the phenotypic modulation of macrophages and immunomodulation. In addition, angiogenic cytokines secreted by ADSCs can enhance the establishment of micro‐capillary networks, which ensure the supply of nutrients and oxygen. These activities may synergistically promote fibrotic lung tissue remodeling.