Table 1.

Recent clinical trials of ADSCs for regenerative therapies

Application	Participants	Methods	Follow‐up time	Results	Refs.
Fat grafting	10 healthy participants	The autologous ADSC‐enriched fat grafts and fat graft without ADSCs enrichment were subcutaneously transplanted into the upper arm	121 d	The ADSC‐enriched fat grafts had significantly higher fat survival than control grafts, without serious adverse events	[94]
Wound healing	59 patients with diabetic foot ulcers	30 patients were treated with allogeneic ADSCs–hydrogel complex, while 29 patients received polyurethane film treatment	12 weeks	Allogeneic ADSCs–hydrogel complex significantly promoted wound closure of diabetic foot ulcers	[107]
	296 patients with skin wounds caused by burn or crush injury.	146 patients received allogeneic ADSCs treatment, while 150 patients received conventional dressing with normal saline	10 d	ADSCs increased the granulation tissue coverage rate and promoted wound healing, without adverse events	[108]
Bone regeneration	13 patients with craniomaxillofacial hard‐tissue defects	Autologous ADSCs were seeded onto either bioactive glass or β‐tricalcium phosphate scaffolds and transplanted into bone defect area	12–52 months	Successful bone regeneration was observed in 10 of the 13 cases	[135]
	Five cranial defect patients	Patients received cranioplasties using autologous ADSCs, beta‐tricalcium phosphate granules and supporting meshes	6 years	The long‐term clinical results were not satisfactory, partially due to resorption of the graft, tumor recurrence or late infection	[136]
Skeletal muscle repair	18 patients with sphincter defects	9 patients underwent allogeneic ADSCs injection during repair surgery treatment, while 9 patients underwent repair surgery alone	2 months	The ADSCs injection during repair surgery caused the replacement of fibrous tissue and improved the contractile function	[147]
Tendon reconstruction	70 patients with full‐thickness rotator cuff tear	35 patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with autologous ADSCs injections, while 35 patients underwent repair surgery alone	At least 12 months	The ADSCs injection during rotator cuff repair significantly decreased the retear rate, whereas the function of repaired tissue was similarly ameliorated in both groups	[160]
	44 patients with degenerative posterosuperior rotator cuff tear	22 patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair augmentation with autologous microfragmented lipoaspirate tissue, while 22 patients underwent repair surgery alone	24 months	The injection of autologous microfragmented adipose tissue effectively promoted the functional rotator cuff repair	[161]
Cartilage regeneration	12 patients with knee osteoarthritis	Autologous ADSCs were intra‐articularly administered	6 months	The injection of ADSCs provided significant improvement in pain levels and function	[177]
	18 patients with knee osteoarthritis	Three groups underwent autologous ADSCs injections at low dose (2 × 106), medium dose (10 × 106), and high dose (50 × 106), respectively	6 months	Functional improvement and pain relief were observed in patients all three groups, whereas statistical significance was detected only for patients treated with the low dose	[178]
Cardiac repair	10 patients with ischemic heart failure	Allogeneic ADSCs were injected into the infarct border zone	6 months	The ADSCs injection ameliorated cardiac function with safety	[190]
	60 patients with refractory angina	40 patients underwent intramyocardial autologous ADSCs injection, while 20 patients underwent saline injection	3 years	The injection of ADSCs improved cardiac symptoms, whereas exercise capacity remained unchanged	[191]
Nerve regeneration	one patient with spinal cord injury	Autologous ADSCs were intrathecally injected	18 months	The individual recovered to American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade C	[208]