Table 6.

Multivariable analysis results for all pathogens

Pathogen	IMD quintile	OR a (≥1 cases compared to 0 cases) (95% CI)	OR (≥2 cases compared to ≤1 cases case) (95% CI)	OR (Proportional odds assumption met) (95% CI)	p-value b
Campylobacter	1 (least deprived)	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001***
	2			0.93 (0.91–0.95)
	3	0.86 (0.84–0.88)	0.83 (0.81–0.86)
	4	0.73 (0.71–0.75)	0.68 (0.66–0.70)
	5 (most deprived)	0.66 (0.64–0.68)	0.55 (0.53–0.57)
Giardia	1	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001***
	2			0.89 (0.84–0.93)
	3			0.82 (0.78–0.87)
	4	0.69 (0.66–0.73)	0.59 (0.53–0.66)
	5	0.63 (0.59–0.67)	0.56 (0.50–0.63)
Shigella sonnei	1			1.00	<0.001***
	2			1.07 (0.96–1.21)
	3			0.92 (0.82–1.04)
	4			0.85 (0.75–0.95)
	5			0.84 (0.75–0.95)
Other Shigella	1			1.00	0.2581
	2			0.85 (0.73–0.99)
	3			0.89 (0.77–1.03)
	4			0.93 (0.81–1.08)
	5			0.95 (0.82–1.10)
Non-typhoidal Salmonella	1	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.008**
	2	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	1.06 (0.98–1.15)
	3			0.99 (0.95–1.03)
	4	1.00 (0.96–1.04)	1.07 (0.99–1.15)
	5			1.04 (1.00–1.09)
Shigella flexneri	1	1.00	1.00	1.00	<0.001***
	2			1.13 (0.94–1.37)
	3			1.38 (1.15–1.65)
	4			1.60 (1.35–1.90)
	5	1.67 (1.41–1.98)	0.94 (0.65–1.38)
Norovirus	1	1.00	1.00		<0.001***
	2	1.13 (1.07–1.18)	1.27 (1.14–1.40)
	3	1.15 (1.10–1.21)	1.30 (1.17–1.44)
	4	1.16 (1.10–1.22)	1.29 (1.16–1.43)
	5	1.35 (1.28–1.42)	1.48 (1.33–1.64)
Salmonella typhi/paratyphi	1			1.00	<0.001***
	2			0.87 (0.69–1.11)
	3			1.35 (1.09–1.68)
	4			1.66 (1.35–2.04)
	5			1.79 (1.47–2.20)

^aMultivariable analysis adjusted for categorical sex, age, rurality/urbanicity, distance to the GP, and interaction between rurality/urbanicity and distance to the GP.

^b*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.