TABLE 1.
Baseline, Procedure, and Tumor Characteristics
| Characteristic (N) | No. of Patients (%) | P a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open, N = 699 | Laparoscopic, N = 824 | Robotic, N = 875 | ||
| Age (2398)b | 66 (26–99) yr | 64 (18–94) yr | 62 (23–100) yr | <0.001 |
| Sex (2398) | 0.088 | |||
| Female | 369/699 (53) | 391/824 (47) | 423/875 (48) | |
| Male | 330/699 (47) | 433/824 (53) | 452/875 (52) | |
| Race (2328) | 0.046 | |||
| Asian | 40/683 (5.9) | 47/811 (5.8) | 65/834 (7.8) | |
| Black | 61/683 (8.9) | 48/811 (5.9) | 47/834 (5.6) | |
| White | 572/683 (84) | 709/811 (87) | 709/834 (85) | |
| Other | 10/683 (1.5) | 7/811 (0.9) | 13/834 (1.6) | |
| Ethnicity (2164) | 0.093 | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 39/576 (6.8) | 30/729 (4.1) | 51/859 (5.9) | |
| Not Hispanic | 537/576 (93) | 699/729 (96) | 808/859 (94) | |
| History of cancer (2398) | 124/699 (18) | 79/824 (9.6) | 76/875 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| ASA (2398) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 10/699 (1.4) | 14/824 (1.7) | 3/875 (0.3) | |
| 2 | 211/699 (30) | 298/824 (36) | 291/875 (33) | |
| 3 | 436/699 (62) | 481/824 (58) | 557/875 (64) | |
| 4 | 42/699 (6.0) | 31/824 (3.8) | 24/875 (2.7) | |
| BMI (2376)b | 28.5 (12.9–53.9) | 29.2 (15.8–62.5) | 28.7 (14.9–54.3) | 0.3 |
| CEA (2139) | <0.001 | |||
| <5 ng/mL | 387/615 (63) | 538/740 (73) | 572/784 (73) | |
| ≥5 ng/mL | 228/615 (37) | 202/740 (27) | 212/784 (27) | |
| Albumin (2353)b | 3.97 (1.70–5.20) g/dL | 4.18 (2.50–5.10) g/dL | 4.16 (2.70–5.20) g/dL | <0.001 |
| N category (2398) | 0.2 | |||
| 0 | 467/699 (67) | 565/824 (69) | 557/875 (64) | |
| 1 | 157/699 (22) | 187/824 (23) | 224/875 (26) | |
| 2 | 75/699 (11) | 72/824 (8.7) | 94/875 (11) | |
| T category (2398) | <0.001 | |||
| CIS or 1 | 98/699 (14) | 192/824 (23) | 192/875 (22) | |
| 2 | 93/699 (13) | 124/824 (15) | 136/875 (16) | |
| 3 | 387/699 (55) | 438/824 (53) | 464/875 (53) | |
| 4 | 121/699 (17) | 70/824 (8.5) | 83/875 (9.5) | |
| Tumor location (2398) | 0.004 | |||
| Left colon | 288/699 (41) | 319/824 (39) | 418/875 (48) | |
| Mid-transverse colon | 59/699 (8.4) | 71/824 (8.6) | 64/875 (7.3) | |
| Right colon | 352/699 (50) | 434/824 (53) | 393/875 (45) | |
| Colectomy (2398) | <0.001 | |||
| Extended | 67/699 (9.6) | 45/824 (5.5) | 25/875 (2.9) | |
| Segmental | 632/699 (90) | 779/824 (95) | 850/875 (97) | |
| Chemotherapy (915) | 268/699 (38) | 294/824 (36) | 353/875 (40) | 0.1 |
| Tumor grade (2318) | 0.6 | |||
| Low | 542/678 (80) | 641/788 (81) | 698/852 (82) | |
| High | 136/678 (20) | 147/788 (19) | 154/852 (18) | |
a
Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test of independence, or Fisher exact test.
b
Mean (minimum–maximum).
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of physical status; BMI = body mass index; CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; CIS = intramucosal carcinoma in situ.