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. 2023 Jul 26;22:36. doi: 10.1186/s12937-023-00866-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Association between Serum TSH and Caffeine in the Overall Population. (A): Nonlinear Relationship Evaluation using the RCS Model. (B): Relationship between Serum TSH and Caffeine Intake through Multivariable Linear Regression. Adjustments were made for various factors, including subgroups, race, cancer, comorbidities, urinary iodine, and intake of micronutrients (selenium, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium) and macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate, and fat). Caffeine, TSH, urinary iodine, and micronutrient intake were log-transformed. A total of 24 subjects were excluded from regression due to missing data in cancer (n = 3) and urinary iodine (n = 21)