Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of included studies
| Study | NCT ID | Country/Region | Indication | Type of underlying diseases | Experimental | Control | Trial duration | Total | Average age(years) | Male (n,%) | BMI(kg/m2) | Mean HbA1c (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (Standard Deviation) | Mean (Standard deviation) | Mean (Standard deviation) | ||||||||||
| LEAD -2 (2009) | NCT00318461 | Europe, Oceania, Africa, Asia and South America | T2DM | T2DM | liraglutide 0.6 , 1.2, 1.8 mg once daily | placebo, glimepiride | 26 week | 1091 | 56.7 (9.5) | 58.20 | 31.0 (4.7) | 8.4 (0.9) |
| LIRA-RENAL(2016) | NCT01620489 | France, Poland, Russian Federation, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States | T2DM | T2DM and moderate renal impairment | liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily | Placebo | 26 week | 279 | 67.2 (8.2) | 50.50 | 33.9 (5.4) | 8.0 (0.8) |
| HARMONY 3(2014) | NCT00838903 | Albania, Germany, Hong Kong, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, United Kingdom, United States | T2DM | T2DM | Albiglutide 30 mg once weekly | Placebo, Sitagliptin, Glimepiride | 104 week | 1012 | 54.5 (8.0) | 47.60 | 32.6 (5.5) | 8.1 (0.8) |
| Gallwitz et al. (2011) | NCT00434954 | Germany | T2DM | T2DM | Exenatide 10 μg twice daily | Premixed Insulin Aspart | 26 week | 494 | 57.1 (10.0) | 57.60 | 33.2 (4.3) | 7.88 (0.9) |
| GetGoal-O (2017) | NCT01798706 | Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Peru, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States | T2DM | T2DM | Lixisenatide 20 μg once daily | Placebo | 24 week | 350 | 74.2 (3.9) | 52.00 | 30.0 (4.1) | 8.0 (0.7) |
| AWARD-CHN2 (2019) | NCT01648582 | China, Mexico, and Russian Federation | T2DM | T2DM | Dulaglutide 0.75, 1.5 mg once weekly | Insulin Glargine | 52 week | 774 | 55.0 (9.6) | 55.20 | 26.8 (3.7) | 8.4 (1.1) |
| AWARD-5 (2015) | NCT00734474 | United States, Canada, France, Germany,India, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Puerto Rico,Romania, Russian Federation, Spain, Taiwan | T2DM | T2DM | Dulaglutide 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 mg once weekly | sitagliptin | 104 week | 921 | 54.1 (9.9) | 46.50 | 31.3 (4.4) | 8.1 (1.1) |
| HARMONY 4 (2014) | NCT00838916 | United States, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom | T2DM | T2DM | Albiglutide 30 mg once weekly | insulin glargine | 52 week | 745 | 55.5 (9.5) | 56.10 | 33.1(5.5) | 8.3 (0.9) |
| Charbonnel et al. (2013) | NCT01296412 | Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, New Zealand, Poland, Puerto Rico, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States | T2DM | T2DM | liraglutide 1.2 mg once daily | sitagliptin | 26 week | 653 | 57.3 (10.4) | 54.80 | 32.7(6.0) | 8.2 (1.0) |
| SCALE Diabetes (2015) | NCT01272232 | Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Romania, Russian Federation, South Africa, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States | Weight Loss | T2DM and overweight or obesity | Liraglutide 1.8, 3.0 mg once daily | Placebo | 56 week | 846 | 54.9 (10.5) | 50.20 | 37.1 (6.8) | 7.9 (0.8) |
| PIONEER 3 (2019) | NCT02607865 | France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM | Oral Semaglutide 3, 7, 14 mg once daily | Sitagliptin | 78 week | 1864 | 58.0 (10.0) | 52.80 | 32.5(6.4) | 8.3 (0.9) |
| STEP 3 (2021) | NCT03611582 | United States | Weight Loss | Overweight or Obesity (without diabetes) | Semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly | Placebo | 68 week | 611 | 46.0 (13.0) | 19.00 | 38.0(6.7) | 5.7 (0.3) |
| Harmony Outlets (2018) | NCT02465515 | Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and cardiovascular disease | Albiglutide 30, 50 mg once weekly | Placebo | 1.6 Year | 9463 | 64.1 (8.7) | 69.40 | 32.3(5.9) | 8.7(1.5) |
| STEP 2 (2021) | NCT03552757 | Argentina, Canada, Germany, Greece, India, Japan, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States | Weight Loss | T2DM and overweight or obesity | Semaglutide 1.0, 2.4 mg once weekly | Placebo | 68 week | 1210 | 55.0 (11.0) | 49.10 | 35·7 (6·3) | 8·1 (0·8) |
| REWIND (2019) | NCT01394952 | Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and cardiovascular disease( or high cardiovascular risk) | Dulaglutide 1.5 mg once daily | Placebo | 5.4 Year | 9901 | 66.2 (6.5) | 53.65 | 32.3 (5.7) | 7.4 (1.1) |
| AWARD-4 (2015) | NCT01191268 | Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United States | T2DM | T2DM | Dulaglutide 0.75, 1.5 mg once weekly | insulin glargine | 52 week | 884 | 59.4 (9.2) | 53.50 | 32.5 (5.2) | 8.5 (1.1) |
| EUREXA (2012) | NCT00359762 | Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom | T2DM | T2DM | Exenatide 10 μg twice daily | glimepiride | 2.0 Year | 1029 | 56.4 (9.6) | 53.60 | 32.5 (4.1) | 7.4 (0.70) |
| LEAD-3 Mono (2009) | NCT00294723 | Mexico, Puerto Rico, United States | T2DM | T2DM | liraglutide 1.2 , 1.8 mg once daily | glimepiride | 104 week | 746 | 53.0 (10.9) | 49.70 | 33.1 (5.8) | 8.3 (1.1) |
| SUSTAIN 2 (2017) | NCT01930188 | Argentina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine | T2DM | T2DM | Semaglutide 0.5, 1.0 mg once weekly | Sitagliptin | 56 week | 1225 | 55.1 (10.0) | 50.60 | 32.5(6.2) | 8.07 (0.9) |
| LEADER (2016) | NCT01179048 | Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and high cardiovascular risk | liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily | Placebo | 3.8 Year | 9340 | 64.3 (7.2) | 64.30 | 32.5 (6.3) | 8.7 (1.6) |
| PIONEER 6 (2019) | NCT02692716 | Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and high cardiovascular risk | Oral Semaglutide 14 mg once daily | Placebo | 1.3 Year | 3183 | 66.0 (7.0) | 68.40 | 32.3 (6.5) | 8.2 (1.6) |
| ELIXA (2015) | NCT01147250 | Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Guatemala, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and Acute Coronary Syndrome | Lixisenatide 20 μg once daily | Placebo | 2.1 Year | 6068 | 60.3 (9.7) | 69.30 | 30.2 (5.7) | 7.7 (1.3) |
| EXSCEL (2017) | NCT01144338 | Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czechia, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM | Exenatide 2 mg once weekly | Placebo | 3.2 Year | 14,752 | 61.9 (9.4) | 62.00 | 31.7 (5.9) | 8.0 (1.2) |
| Wilding et al. (2021) | NCT03548935 | Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States | Weight Loss | Overweight or Obesity (without diabetes) | Semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly | Placebo | 68 week | 1961 | 46.0 (13) | 25.90 | 37.9 (6.6) | 5.7 (0.3) |
| SUSTAIN-6 (2016) | NCT01720446 | Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and cardiovascular disease | Semaglutide 0.5, 1.0 mg once weekly | Placebo | 2.1 Year | 3297 | 64.6 (7.4) | 60.70 | 32.8 (6.2) | 8.7 (1.5) |
| STEP 5 (2022) | NCT03693430 | Canada, Hungary, Italy, Spain, United States | Weight Loss | Overweight or Obesity (without diabetes) | Semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly | Placebo | 104 week | 304 | 47.0 (11.0) | 22.40 | 38.5 (6.9) | 5.7 (0.4) |
| AMPLITUDE-O (2021) | NCT03496298 | Argentina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United States | Cardiovascular Outcomes | T2DM and cardiovascular disease or kidney disease | Efpeglenatide 4,, 6 mg once weekly | Placebo | 1.81 years | 4076 | 64.5 (8.2) | 67 | 32.7 (6.2) | 8.9(1.5) |
| AMPLITUDE-M(2022) | NCT03353350 | Germany, Poland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States | T2DM | T2DM | Efpeglenatide 2, 4, 6 mg once weekly | Placebo | 56 week | 406 | 58.5 (11.2) | 53.90 | 34.2 (6.8) | 8.1 (0.9) |