Table 1.

Overview nanomedcine per-clinical studies with design strategy and their advantages

Type	Drug	Materials	Size (nm)	PdI	Advantages	Ref.
Nanoparticles	arsenic trioxide	As-Ni PEG-PLGA coupled with DSS6 or F56	207.5-569.5	0.140–0.596	Target endosteal niche or vascular niche in the bone marrow; increase its loading capacity and controlled the drug release; be higher cytotoxic against K562 cells than free ATO and arsenic nanoparticles	[76]
		RBCM-SA	163.2 ± 4.4	0.27	Reduce the toxicity and improve the anti-tumor effects;. realize the safe, effective, and sustained release of ATO; remarkably improve drug safety during medical treatment.	[81]
		PEG-AS-RA	120.1 ± 72.3		Provide better biocompatibility and lower side effects;. be degraded by phospholipases to release As and RA contributing to therapeutic effect;. exhibit high water solubility and good biocompatibility; be highly stable in physiological buffers	[92]
		FA-HSA-ATO	43 ± 5.1		Recognize FRβ+ CML cells, resulting in more intracellular accumulation of ATO;upregulate FRβ expression,facilitating even more recruitment and uptake of FRβ-targeting drugs; alleviate side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy	[82]
		Au NPs	5		Increase the hydrophobicity of both cell suspensions; greatly decrease the peak potential of both cell lines; facilitate the cellular uptake of anticancer drug As2O3 into leukemia K562 cancer cells; inhibit the function of P-gp to improve the relevant drug accumulation in target drug-resistant cancer cells;enhance the cytotoxicity suppression of As2O3.	[86]
	HHT	HHT-MNP-Fe3O4	11.2		Enhanced inhibitory effect; induce more extensive apoptosis in leukemia cells; make more pronounced cell arrests at G0/G1 phase; reduce the expression of Mc-1 and activating caspase-3 and PARP	[54]
	GA + Fe3O4-MNP	Fe3O4-MNP			Promote GA-induced apoptosis in U937 cells;.The higher expression levels of caspase-3 and bax; down-regulate the expressions of bcl-2,NF-κB and survivin
	curcumin	anti-CD123-Cur-NPs	181.27 ± 0.07	0.07 ± 0.03	Improve the ability of curcumin to induce apoptosis;achieve greater bioavailability; improved anti-cancer potential;bind to LSCs	[99]
	Partheno-lide	bone marrow directed multistage vector			MSV-PTL use approximately 40-fold lower dosage and 20-fold lower frequency than chemical analog of PTL (DMAPT) to cause the similar therapeutic effect; effectively release drugs to mouse BM enabling a low-bioavailability drug to kill AML cells; PTL was delivered in chemically intact form to the bone tissue; resulted in killing of LSCs; treatment with MSV-PTL indeed resulted in increased inhibition of NF-κB and elevated activation of γ-H2AX;facilitate delivery to the tumor niche	[100]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	berberine hydroch-loride	berberine hydrochlori	60.5			[101]
Nanoemulsion	GA	Tween-80, glycol, squalene	17.20 ± 0.11	0.198 ± 0.013	Stable; obviously delay release effect; Compared with its water solution, IC50 of the nanoemulsion were 1.67 times and 1.98 times higher and LD50 of it was 1.26 times higher;. enhance its poor solubility and safety; improved anti-tumour effect	[43]
	Berberine hydrochloride	Labrafil M 1944 CS, RH-40, glycerin, water			Relative bioavailability: 440.40%;significantly increase in intestinal permeability and reduce efflux of BBH by the multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein; improve stability, oral bioavailability and permeability	[84]
	berberine	RH40,1,2-propanediol, squalene	23.50 ± 1.67	0.121 ± 0.01	Slowly release; enhance oral bioavailability; enhance permeation and prevent efflux of BBR; extend survival time	[44]
Nanoparticles	GA and RACC	glycol chitosan nanoparticles	160 ± 4.86	0.14 ± 0.002	GA and RACC have the synergist effect; induced a remarkably higher apoptosis of cancer cells with ~ 28%;inhibits tumourigenicity and markedly suppress the cancer cell proliferation and metastasis; maintain the originality of GA without any degradation	[40]
	Partheno-lide	PLGA-antiCD44-PTL-NP	162	0.098	Improved the bioavailability and selective targeting of leukemic cells; improve the chance to target the leukemic cells and not harm normal cells.	[59]
	GA and magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4	MNPs-Fe3O4			Enhance obviously GA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in K562 cells; MNPs-Fe3O4-drug delivery system can decrease the IC50 of GA and enhance apoptosis in leukemia cells;dramatically upregulated the transcription and expression of caspase-3 in K562 cells.	[102]
	arsenic trioxide	MnAs@SiO2-pHLIP	89 ± 4		Controlled release capacity; outstanding targeting ability	[103]
Nano-liposome	berberine hydrochloride	berberine hydrochloride liposomes	122 ± 3.5		Be interfered with glucose and lipid metabolism; prevent progression from hyperlipidemia to type 2 diabetes	[101]
	viblastine	Lip-C6 with viblastine			Overcome resistance to Lip-C6 by de novo AML;restore proapoptotic sphingolipid phenotype	[61]
	Arsenic trioxide	As (III)	100		Reduce the resultant acute toxic effect	[58]
	Ginseno-side	PM coating DOX co-loaded biomimetic nanosystem	100		PM naturally adheres to AML cell naturally adheres to AML cells;promote cytotoxicity;enhance ROS production; extend half-life of the nanosystem; significantly enhance ICD effect and ignite the immunity system;prolong the circulation time	[104]
Nanomicelle	curcumin	poloxamer-407,PBS-pH 7.4	35.6 ± 2.7	0.325 ± 0.038	Lengthen the half-life;higher cytotoxicity 3.2–3 times greater intracellular uptake to leukemic cells	[66]
	Partheno-lide	PSMA100-b-PS258	40 ± 10	1.05	Increase the aqueous solubility;extend release of PTL over 24 h; control drug-cell interactions and promote intracellular accumulation through clathrin-mediated endocytosis;robust PTL loading	[72]