Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of PD and healthy controls subgroups
| PD-CC (n = 88) | PD-FC (n = 18) | PD-NC (n = 32) | p values | HC-CC (n = 55) | HC-FC (n = 9) | HC-NC (n = 11) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.1 ± 8.9 | 62.7 ± 10.0 | 57.7 ± 9.3 | 0.164 | 60.2 ± 10.4 | 58.7 ± 11.2 | 60.1 ± 11.7 | 0.928 |
| Gender, ratio (F/M) | 0.38 (24/64) | 0.8 (8/10) | 0.88 (15/17) | 0.082 | 0.41 (16/39) | 0.8 (4/5) | 0.57 (4/7) | 0.613 |
| Education (years) | 16.6 ± 2.5 | 17.4 ± 2.8 | 15.5 ± 2.2 | 0.032 | 17.3 ± 2.6 | 15.8 ± 2.0 | 17.1 ± 2.8 | 0.242 |
| Coffee cups per day | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 2.2 | NA | 0.719 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 1.4 | NA | 0.065 |
| Missing (number) | 3 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Current regular smokers, n (%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (6%) | 1 (3%) | NA | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) | NA |
| Age at onset (years) | 58.1 ± 9.2 | 61.3 ± 10.0 | 55.0 ± 9.5 | 0.068 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Disease duration (months) | 6.1 ± 5.5 | 7.5 ± 8.2 | 9.3 ± 9.5 | 0.279 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| H-Y stages | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.765 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| MDS-UPDRS Part I | 5.0 ± 3.6 | 4.9 ± 2.8 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 0.442 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.8 ± 3.2 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 0.785 |
| MDS-UPDRS Part II | 5.8 ± 4.3 | 6.7 ± 4.2 | 5.2 ± 4.0 | 0.386 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.657 |
| MDS-UPDRS Part III | 20.1 ± 7.5 | 21.8 ± 8.3 | 19.4 ± 9.2 | 0.564 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.203 |
| MDS-UPDRS Total Score | 30.1 ± 11.6 | 33.4 ± 12.2 | 28.6 ± 12.3 | 0.376 | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 5.1 ± 4.0 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | 0.82 |
| MOCA | 27.3 ± 1.9 | 26.9 ± 2.4 | 27.8 ± 2.5 | 0.189 | 27.9 ± 1.0 | 28.4 ± 1.3 | 28.6 ± 1.3 | 0.217 |
| GDS | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 0.787 | 1.1 ± 1.7 | 1.0 ± 1.9 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.73 |
| SCOPA-AUT | 8.6 ± 5.3 | 9.1 ± 5.0 | 6.8 ± 4.6 | 0.079 | 5.0 ± 2.9 | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 3.6 | 0.496 |
| STAI | 61.7 ± 17.0 | 56.8 ± 17.6 | 61.6 ± 15.8 | 0.336 | 53.5 ± 11.7 | 61.7 ± 19.4 | 52.6 ± 13.8 | 0.435 |
| QUIP | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.238 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0 | 0.097 |
| UPSIT | 22.1 ± 7.8 | 24.6 ± 7.6 | 25.1 ± 8.0 | 0.151 | 34.7 ± 4.7 | 33.9 ± 5.9 | 33.6 ± 4.9 | 0.79 |
| ESS | 5.6 ± 3.3 | 6.0 ± 3.9 | 5.7 ± 3.3 | 0.968 | 5.4 ± 3.2 | 5.7 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 0.836 |
Three PD-CC did not know/prefer not to answer the question “cups per day.” Two HC-CC did not know/prefer not to answer the question “cups per day”
PD-CC current consumers of Parkinson’s Disease, PD-FC former consumers of Parkinson’s Disease, PD-NC never consumers of Parkinson’s Disease, HC-CC current consumers of healthy controls, HC-FC former consumers of healthy controls, HC-NC never consumers of healthy controls, NA not applicable, H-Y stages Hoehn and Yahr stages, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, SCOPA-AUT Scale for Outcomes for Parkinson’s Disease—autonomic function, STAI State trait anxiety score, QUIP Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders, UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale Score