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. 2023 Jul 26;11:162. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01587-x

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Epidermal repair and Th17 inflammatory pathways are upregulated in response to DD dysbiosis. A Principal component analysis (PCA) shows an altered gene expression profile of inflamed (IDS) compared to non-inflamed (NIDS) DD skin. B Volcano plot of fold expression change (FCH) vs false discovery rate (FDR) of the 2000 most varying genes in IDS versus NIDS transcriptomes reveals a significant upregulation of 545 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and downregulation of 137. This plot displays the significance versus fold-change on Y and X axes, respectively. C Scatter plot of IDS versus NIDS gene expression profiles highlighting representative regulated transcripts. D Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DD skin shows an enrichment of epidermal repair pathways and immune responses to pathogens with strong Th17 signatures. E Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) plots displaying representative DD-enriched immune pathways. To the far left (red) the plot shows a correlation of the gene set with the IDS phenotype and to the far right a correlation with the NIDS. The vertical black lines indicate the position of each gene within the ranked gene list. Every time a gene from the gene set is detected a hit is plotted. The green curve represents the running sum of the enrichment score of the GSEA. ES (enrichment score), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and PID (pathway interaction database)