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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 26.
Published in final edited form as: J Fam Econ Issues. 2019 Dec 7;41(2):300–315. doi: 10.1007/s10834-019-09657-9

Table 1.

Effect of retirement educational program on enrollment on retirement savings plans

Study Tool (time in months) Control
(%Δ)		 Treatment
(%Δ)		 DD
Duflo and Saez (2003) Benefits fair, department (4.5) 4.0 4.9 0.9
Benefits fair, department (11) 7.5 8.9 1.4
Lusardi et al. (2009) Planning aid, 8 step (2) 29 45 16
Beshears et al. (2013) Quick enrollment (1) 7 18 11
Quick enrollment (12) 22 44 22
Collins and Urban (2016) Online program (1) NA NA 6
Clark et al. (2017) Informational nudge (1) 2.8 3.8 1

“%Δ” denotes percentage change in opening a retirement account between pre- and post- intervention. “DD” denotes the Difference in Difference between control and treatment. “NA” denotes estimate not available (i.e. not provided in manuscript).