Table 2.

Average, Maximum, and Minimum Climate Variables Representative of the Study Domain

Variable	Units	Mean	Min	Max
Air temperature	°C	5.24	2.99	7.54
Precipitation	mm	852	585	1,146
Snowfall	cm	226	98.8	378
VPD	Pa	328	221	433
CO2	ppm	392.6	368.5	418.7
Incoming shortwave	W m−2	153	133	167
Start of season	DOY	132	126	141
Peak Gcc	DOY	153	141	163
End of season	DOY	272	264	278

Note. Meteorological variables (excluding snow and precipitation) were calculated using data from the tall tower (US‐PFa) shown in Figure 1. Snow and precipitation data were supplied by the nearby Minocqua, WI cooperative weather station. Representative statistics were calculated using annual data, with the meteorological record spanning 1996–2020. Phenological variables were calculated using pooled annual data from the three sites equipped with PhenoCams (US‐Los, US‐WCr, and US‐Syv); the earliest phenological record began in 2012.