Extended Data Figure 8.

Optical tweezers experiment; design and confirmation of DNA assembly. a, Agarose gel electrophoresis of concatenated plasmid DNA. b, Force versus distance plot reveals the length of double-stranded DNA tether. c, Diagram of flow cell constituents during imaging. Streptavidin coated beads, DNA, and Imaging Buffer were injected to the flow cell under laminar flow. Beads were first optically captured, moved to the DNA channel; once DNA was properly tethered to the trapped beads, the whole assemblage was moved to the protein channel containing AF-488 GAF-FL in Imaging Buffer. Imaging was performed in this channel to maximally visualize binding events. d, Representative kymographs where GAF-FL undergoes 1D search on vector+hsp70 DNA. e, Representative kymographs where GAF-FL binds to its target on vector+hsp70 DNA abruptly from 3D without 1D search. f, Representative kymograph where GAF-FL undergoes 1D diffusion from one target to another on vector+hsp70 DNA.