Table 1.
Candidate default ascending arousal network (dAAN) nodes.
| Candidate dAAN node | Supporting Literature | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study author, year | Animal model | Type of Evidence | |
| Brainstem | |||
| Midbrain reticular formation (mRt) | Steriade, 1982 (35) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Ventral tegmental area (VTA) | Eban-Rothschild, 2016 (19) | mouse | electrophysiology |
| Periacqueductal grey (PAG) | Lu, 2006 (36) | rat | gene expression |
| Pedunculotegmental nucleus (PTg) | Steriade, 1990 (33) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Dorsal raphe (DR) | McGinty, 1976 (37) Trulson, 1979 (27) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Pontis oralis (PnO) | Xi, 2004 (38) | cat | Agonist/antagonist injection |
| Parabrachial complex (PBC) | Fuller, 2011 (6) Qiu 2016 (39) | rat | Lesion (Fuller) Stimulation (Qiu) |
| Median raphe (MnR) | Trulson, 1984 (40) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Locus coeruleus (LC) | Hobson, 1975 (26) Aston-Jones, 1981 (41) | rat (Aston-Jones), cat (Hobson) | electrophysiology |
| Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) | Steriade, 1990 (33) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Hypothalamus | |||
| Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) | Takahashi, 2006 (42) | mouse | electrophysiology |
| Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) | Alam, 2002 (43) | rat | electrophysiology |
| Supramammillary nucleus (SUM) | Pedersen, 2017 (7) | mouse | chemogenetics |
| Thalamus | |||
| Intralaminar nuclei (IL) | Glenn, 1982 (22) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Reticular nucleus (Ret) | Steriade, 1986 (44) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Paraventricular nucleus (PaV) | Novak, 1998 (45) | rat | gene expression |
| Basal Forebrain | |||
| Nucleus basalis of Meynert/substantia innominata (BNM/SI) | Szymusiak, 1986 (46) | cat | electrophysiology |
| Diagonal band of Broca (DBB) | Szymusiak, 1986 (46) | cat | electrophysiology |
We identified 18 nodes that met the a priori criteria for inclusion in the human dAAN. The criteria were based on previous animal studies demonstrating nodal involvement in arousal from electrophysiological recording, Fos expression, lesioning, or stimulation. Given that decades of experiments in multiple animal species have tested the functional properties of subcortical arousal nuclei, we do not intend for the references in this table to be exhaustive. Rather, we list studies that are representative of the body of literature pertaining to each subcortical arousal nucleus.