Skip to main content
. 2023 Jun 22;8(12):e170270. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.170270

Figure 2. CPAP increases CSF flow speed and glymphatic transport locally.

Figure 2

(A and B) Spatially normalized population-averaged whole-brain speed maps of rats (n = 8) breathing with nose cone shown in 2 orthogonal-plane views. (C and D) Corresponding speed maps of the CPAP group (n = 8) showing fast speed trajectories along the circle of Willis area when compared with the nose cone group (black boxes in B and D). The red-colored boxes in A and C indicate the midbrain area where glymphatic transport also appears different across groups. Scale bars = 2 mm. (E and F) Statistical maps (color coded for P values) overlaid onto a CSF compartment binary map highlighting voxel areas with higher CSF speed for the 2 conditions: NC > CPAP (E) and CPAP > NC (F). The black boxes highlight the circle of Willis. NC, nose cone. (G and H) Representative examples of velocity flux vectors (color coded for magnitude) shown from the ventral surface of the brain from a rat breathing via nose cone or with CPAP. (I and J) Statistical maps (color coded for P values) for tissue solute speed and flux (representing glymphatic transport) highlighting local areas with higher glymphatic transport and solute speed for the 2 conditions: NC > CPAP (I) and CPAP > NC (J). (K and L) Statistical maps (color coded for P values) for glymphatic transport overlaid onto an anatomical brain map highlighting voxel areas in the dorsal hippocampus with increased glymphatic speed/flux for the condition CPAP > NC (L). Scale bars = 3 mm. The voxel-wise statistical analysis was performed using an independent 2-sample t test in the framework of general linear modeling.