Table 3.

The advantages and disadvantages of various Campylobacter species dissemination control strategies.

Feed and water treatments	Study location	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Organic and fatty acids, essential oils, plant extracts	Farm	(1)Enhances the gut microbiota's beneficial bacteria (2)Limits the gut pathogens (3)Decreases the pathogens population with increasing the concentration (4)Used as a green antibacterial agent	(1)Variable effects on the reduction of Campylobacter colonization in various studies (2)The gut conditions may impede the effectiveness of the active compounds (3)Variations in effects were observed in the field (4)Few indications of reproducibility	Dedieu et al., 2020
Probiotics	Farm	(1)Enhances the gut microbiota's beneficial bacteria (2)Utilized as a substitute for antibiotics to enhance feed conversion ratio (3)When combined with vaccines, enhance the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing Campylobacter colonization (4)Meets consumer's acceptance	Variability in their effectiveness across studies. More on-farm research is required to improve this method	Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2017
Bacteriocin	Farm	(1)A group of competitive bacteria in the intestine, representing the inner defend against pathogens (2)Improves livestock growth by inhibiting or controlling pathogens and improving animal health	(1)Commercial use necessitates large-scale, cheap manufacture of bacteriocins on-farm. This issue is still unsettled. (2)The in vivo effectiveness of bacteriocins must be validated and duplicated in natural chicken production circumstances and with a broader diversity of field strains	Dai et al., 2020
Bacteriophage	Farm	(1)Effectively reducing colonization (>3 log) (2)Targeted antibacterial biocontrol approach (3)Safely to human and animals	(1)Due to the development of resistance or other circumstances, Campylobacter may be able to quickly adapt to phage therapy, although fitness costs prevented this from delaying the bacterium's elimination (2)Inconsistent findings across studies (3)Phage mixtures must be effective against all Campylobacter species	Richards et al., 2019; Chinivasagam et al., 2020
Vaccine	Farm	(1)Potential vaccines acute results than water or additives application (2)Reduces Campylobacter load up to 10 log CFU	(1)Inconsistent findings across studies (2)Despite numerous efforts, there is no operative vaccine on the market	Ramakrishnan et al., 2019
Slaw and fast freezing	Slaughterhouse	(1)Reduces Campylobacter in the carcasses up to 2.51 log carcasses (2)Cost-effective and available. (3)Less drip loss during thawing and less water holding capacity loss of compared to slow freezing	(1)Higher drip loss during thawing and a decrease in water holding capacity of frozen meat in contrast to rapid freezing (2)Visible modification may reduce the marketability of this technique	Haughton et al., 2012; Harrison et al., 2013
Steam-ultrasound	Slaughterhouse	Reducing Campylobacter in the carcasses >2.51 log	Changes in chicken skins but it is acceptable	Musavian et al., 2014