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. 2023 Jul 26;14:4486. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39721-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Schematic of chemical components utilized in immobilizing DNA self-assembled monolayers (SAM) onto the silicon nanostructures. Target DNA fragments for this study are portions of the E and ORF1b genes from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. b Experimentally measured and c simulated resonance wavelength shift responses with the addition of each molecular layer in the SAM, including complementary nCoV.E target binding. Markers in (b) correspond to measured data points while solid lines show fits to a Lorentzian oscillator. The difference in absolute wavelength values between experimental and simulated spectra can be attributed to slight dimension variations in the fabricated structures. d Total resonant wavelength shift during SAM functionalization and DNA sensing as referenced from initial measurements on bare silicon structures. Markers represent individual measurements from N = 75 independent resonator devices and bolded markers and error bars are the mean and standard deviation of the measurements.