Table 2.
Demographic characteristics, lab data, surgical technique, and outcomes of patients.
| Characteristic | In-hospital mortality (No. (%) of patients, (n=missing)) | P-value | Long term mortality (No. (%) of patients, (n=missing)) | P-value | In-hospital complication (No. (%) of patients, (n=missing)) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes=10 | No=300 | Yes=93 | No=150 | Yes=38 | No=232 | ||||
| Sex | 0.207 | 0.013 | 0.107 | ||||||
| Female | 3 (30%), (n=0) | 145 (48.3%), (n=0) | – | 55 (59.1%), (n=0) | 62 (41.3%), (n=0) | – | 13 (34.2%), (n=0) | 112 (48.3%), (n=0) | – |
| Age (yr) * | 82.30 ± 8.69 (n=0) | 71.46 ± 14.96 (n=0) | 0.003 | 78.55 ± 9.35 (n=0) | 66.55 ± 17.01 (n=0) | 0.000 | 76.37 ± 11.38 (n=0) | 70.22 ± 15.77 (n=0) | 0.022 |
| AO/OTA | (n=1) | (n=45) | 0.718 | (n=15) | (n=21) | 0.451 | (n=3) | (n=35) | 0.979 |
| 31A1.2 | 3 (33.3%) | 119 (46.7%) | – | 31 (39.7%) | 67 (51.9%) | – | 15 (42.9%) | 91 (46.2%) | – |
| 31A1.3 | 4 (44.4%) | 59 (23.1%) | – | 20 (25.6%) | 27 (20.9%) | – | 9 (25.7%) | 47 (23.9%) | – |
| 31A2.2 | 1 (11.1%) | 41 (16.1%) | – | 17 (21.8%) | 17 (13.2%) | – | 7 (20.0%) | 30 (15.2%) | – |
| 31A2.3 | 1 (11.1%) | 12 (4.7%) | – | 5 (6.4%) | 5 (3.9%) | – | 1 (2.9%) | 11 (5.6%) | – |
| 31A3.1 | 0 (0%) | 8 (3.1%) | – | 2 (2.6%) | 4 (3.1%) | – | 1 (2.9%) | 6 (3.0%) | – |
| 31A3.2 | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.2%) | – | 2 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0 (0%) | 1(.5%) | – |
| 31A3.3 | 0 (0%) | 13 (5.1%) | – | 1 (1.3%) | 9 (7.0%) | – | 2 (5.7%) | 11 (5.6%) | – |
| Smoking | 3 (30%), (n=0) | 76 (26%), (n=8) | 0.725 | 14 (15.2%), (n=1) | 49 (33.1%), (n=2) | 0.008 | 9 (23.7%), (n=0) | 65 (28.4%), (n=3) | 0.549 |
| Height (cm)* | 166.80 ± 8.95 (n=0) | 165.82 ± 9.61 (n=45) | 0.741 | 163.64 ± 8.56 (n=8) | 167.19 ± 10.00 (n=24) | 0.012 | 167.94 ± 8.08 (n=5) | 166.16 ± 9.65 (n=29) | 0.316 |
| Weight (Kg)* | 70.56 ± 18.24 (n=1) | 69.14 ± 12.09 (n=43) | 0.736 | 67.91 ± 13.35 (n=7) | 70.37 ± 11.27 (n=23) | 0.130 | 69.56 ± 15.42 (n=6) | 70.00 ± 11.80 (n=27) | 0.880 |
| BMI (Kg/m2)* | 25.14 ± 4.84 (n=1) | 25.13 ± 4.07 (n=35) | 0.995 | 25.34 ± 4.60 (n=7) | 25.13 ± 3.55 (n=16) | 0.760 | 24.51 ± 3.98 (n=5) | 25.36 ± 4.19 (n=21) | 0.259 |
| Duration of admission to surgery (day)* | 6.80 ± 6.36 (n=0) | 5.63 ± 3.66 (n=0) | 0.335 | 6.52 ± 4.06 (n=0) | 5.25 ± 3.46 (n=0) | 0.004 | 5.97 ± 5.27 (n=0) | 5.76 ± 3.50 (n=0) | 0.751 |
| Anticoagulant consumption | 4 (44.4%), (n=1) | 106 (36.3%), (n=8) | 0.729 | 37 (40.2%), (n=1) | 46 (31.7%), (n=5) | 0.110 | 16 (43.2%), (n=1) | 79 (35%), (n=6) | 0.331 |
| Past medical history | |||||||||
| HTN (hypertension) | 8 (80%), (n=0) | 136 (45.6%), (n=2) | 0.050 | 49 (53.3%), (n=1) | 54 (36%), (n=0) | 0.012 | 23 (60.5%), (n=0) | 104 (45%), (n=1) | 0.076 |
| IHD (Ischemic heart disease) | 6 (60%), (n=0) | 67 (22.6%), (n=3) | 0.014 | 26 (28.6%), (n=2) | 27 (18%), (n=0) | 0.051 | 14 (36.8%), (n=0) | 53 (23%), (n=2) | 0.069 |
| DM (Diabetes mellitus) | 2 (20%), (n=0) | 82 (27.6%), (n=3) | 0.733 | 35 (38.5%), (n=2) | 29 (19.3%), (n=0) | 0.004 | 9 (23.7%), (n=0) | 65 (28.3%), (n=2) | 0.559 |
| Thyroid malfunction | 0 (0%), (n=0) | 24 (8.1%), (n=2) | 1.000 | 6 (6.5%), (n=1) | 12 (8%), (n=0) | 0.748 | 1 (2.6%), (n=0) | 20 (8.7%), (n=1) | 0.327 |
| Cancer | 0 (0%), (n=6) | 9 (4%), (n=74) | 1.000 | 5 (6.5%), (n=16) | 4 (2.7%), (n=3) | 0.104 | 1 (3.8%), (n=12) | 7 (4%), (n=57) | 1.000 |
| Osteoporosis | 1 (25%), (n=6) | 40 (18.3%), (n=81) | 0.559 | 17 (23%), (n=19) | 23 (16.1%), (n=0) | 0.340 | 6 (23.1%), (n=12) | 31 (18.2%), (n=62) | 0.592 |
| Lab data | |||||||||
| Hemoglobin before surgery (mg/dL)* | 10.62 ± 1.85 (n=0) | 11.69 ± 1.87 (n=4) | 0.103 | 10.92 ± 1.52 (n=0) | 12.23 ± 1.84 (n=4) | 0.000 | 11.18 ± 2.11 (n=0) | 11.78 ±1.84 (n=3) | 0.107 |
| Δ Hemoglobin (mg/dL)* | − 1.73 ± 1.79 (n=0) | − 1.35 ± 1.93 (n=88) | 0.527 | − 1.00 ± 1.83 (n=17) | − 1.52 ± 1.97 (n=57) | 0.020 | − 1.77 ± 1.79 (n=3) | − 1.27 ± 1.93 (n=70) | 0.147 |
| Blood sugar before surgery (mg/dL)* | 151.22 ± 64.34 (n=1) | 143.23 ± 53.75 (n=52) | 0.722 | 151.48 ± 57.78 (n=11) | 136.77 ± 47.71 (n=29) | 0.193 | 138.68 ± 49.53 (n=4) | 143.10 ± 54.83 (n=42) | 0.639 |
| Δ Blood sugar (mg/dL)* | − 20.22 ± 43.30 (n=1) | − 4.64 ± 62.70 (n=157) | 0.333 | − 3.42 ± 70.41 (n=33) | − 9.04 ± 61.8 (n=93) | 0.259 | − -15.37 ± 64.91 (n=11) | − 2.30 ± 63.16 (n=127) | 0.354 |
| White blood cell before surgery (×103)* | 11.59 ± 4.04 (n=1) | 9.34 ± 2.89 (n=8) | 0.024 | 9.42 ± 3.15 (n=1) | 9.32 ± 2.80 (n=6) | 0.787 | 9.51 ± 2.83 (n=2) | 9.39 ± 3.04 (n=6) | 0.816 |
| Δ White blood cell (×103)* | 4.63 ± 6.61 (n=1) | 1.63 ± 3.96 (n=102) | 0.033 | 2.14 ± 4.02 (n=21) | 1.67 ± 3.94 (n=66) | 0.470 | 1.95 ± 3.39 (n=5) | 1.63 ± 4.23 (n=83) | 0.640 |
| Platelet before surgery (×103)* | 235.70 ± 78.68 (n=0) | 226.41 ± 86.32 (n=8) | 0.722 | 230.95 ± 84.38 (n=1) | 225.55 ± 82.17 (n=6) | 0.709 | 232.38 ± 89.97 (n=1) | 226.59 ± 85.23 (n=6) | 0.716 |
| Δ Platelet (×103)* | − 25.80 ± 57.98 (n=0) | 25.86 ± 65.55 (n=102) | 0.021 | 22.78 ± 68.16 (n=21) | 21.92 ± 59.15 (n=66) | 0.690 | 21.68 ± 63.24 (n=4) | 26.65 ± 66.16 (n=83) | 0.683 |
| % Neutrophile before surgery* | 71.74 ± 12.85 (n=0) | 74.61 ± 9.15 (n=12) | 0.501 | 74.37 ± 9.00 (n=3) | 73.99 ± 9.67 (n=6) | 0.569 | 72.37 ± 10.46 (n=1) | 74.69 ± 9.31 (n=9) | 0.211 |
| Δ% Neutrophile* | 6.47 ± 10.00 (n=0) | 3.85 ± 10.70 (n=109) | 0.439 | 5.85 ± 10.62 (n=22) | 3.78 ± 10.54 (n=70) | 0.330 | 4.47 ± 11.27 (n=4) | 3.70 ± 10.59 (n=89) | 0.717 |
| % Lymphocyte before surgery* | 17.40 ± 13.18 (n=0) | 16.19 ± 7.25 (n=7) | 0.617 | 16.29 ± 6.94 (n=1) | 16.99 ± 7.89 (n=4) | 0.400 | 17.56 ± 8.67 (n=1) | 16.33 ± 7.50 (n=5) | 0.416 |
| Δ% Lymphocyte* | − 3.69 ± 8.10 (n=0) | − 4.19 ± 7.67 (n=104) | 0.853 | − 5.02 ± 6.99 (n=20) | − 4.59 ± 8.23 (n=67) | 0.846 | − 5.20 ± 7.83 (n=5) | − 3.94 ± 7.49 (n=84) | 0.406 |
| Cr before surgery (mg/dL)* | 1.80 ± 0.62 (n=0) | 1.20 ± 0.59 (n=23) | 0.013 | 1.31 ± 0.74 (n=4) | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 0.000 | 1.39 ± 0.64 (n=4) | 1.19 ± 0.60 (n=18) | 0.100 |
| Δ Cr (mg/dL)* | 0.13 ± 0.27 (n=0) | − 0.05 ±0.37 (n=145) | 0.077 | − 0.04 ± 0.53 | − 0.06 ± 0.18 (n=91) | 0.907 | 0.12 ± 0.36 (n=9) | − 0.07 ± 0.38 (n=116) | 0.017 |
| BUN before surgery (mg/dL)* | 87.10 ± 40.66 (n=0) | 51.06 ± 27.71 (n=24) | 0.000 | 60.16 ± 33.68 (n=4) | 42.53 ± 16.11 (n=14) | 0.000 | 56.74 ± 30.71 (n=4) | 50.77 ± 28.33 (n=19) | 0.294 |
| Δ BUN (mg/dL)* | 12.60 ± 33.39 (n=0) | 3.86 ± 24.81 (n=145) | 0.435 | 5.88 ± 32.17 (n=30) | − 0.017 ± 15.61 (n=90) | 0.658 | 12.52 ± 26.97 (n=9) | 3.17 ± 25.25 (n=117) | 0.099 |
| Na before surgery (mg/dL)* | 138.03 ± 4.15 (n=0) | 137.72 ± 7.35 (n=40) | 0.826 | 137.96 ± 4.17 (n=6) | 137.49 ± 9.73 (n=27) | 0.765 | 139.58 ± 4.41 (n=4) | 137.38 ± 8.02 (n=32) | 0.022 |
| Δ Na (mg/dL)* | 2.58 ± 6.43 (n=0) | 0.36 ± 5.01 (n=151) | 0.312 | 1.05 ± 5.94 (n=31) | − 0.76 ± 4.42 (n=94) | 0.064 | − 0.35 ± 7.18 (n=10) | 0.50 ± 4.72 (n=121) | 0.557 |
| K before surgery (mg/dL)* | 4.26 ± 0.60 (n=0) | 4.20 ± 0.46 (n=40) | 0.790 | 4.28 ± 0.49 (n=5) | 4.14 ± 0.41 (n=27) | 0.076 | 4.21 ± 0.41 (n=4) | 4.19 ± 0.48 (n=31) | 0.821 |
| Δ K (mg/dL)* | 0.20 ± 0.65 (n=0) | 0.31 ± 0.64 (n=151) | 0.640 | 0.32 ± 0.69 (n=31) | 0.30 ± 0.56 (n=94) | 0.433 | 0.34 ± 0.65 (n=10) | 0.30 ± 0.62 (n=121) | 0.753 |
| Neutrophile/platelet before surgery* | 0.039 ± 0.010 (n=1) | 0.035 ± 0.016 (n=14) | 0.200 | 0.034 ± 0.016 (n=3) | 0.034 ± 0.016 (n=8) | 0.836 | 0.033 ± 0.013 (n=2) | 0.035 ± 0.016 (n=11) | 0.624 |
| Δ Neutrophile/platelet* | 0.04237 ± 0.062 (n=1) | 0.00336±0.01759 (n=109) | 0.000 | 0.00507±0.01584 (n=22) | 0.00433 ± 0.01451 (n=70) | 0.650 | 0.00708 ± 0.01979 (n=5) | 0.00376 ± 0.02275 (n=89) | 0.403 |
| Neutrophile/lymphocyte before surgery* | 6.48 ± 2.71 (n=1) | 5.78 ± 3.09 (n=13) | 0.462 | 5.52 ± 2.75 (n=3) | 5.68 ± 3.29 (n=6) | 0.759 | 5.58 ± 3.49 (n=2) | 5.78 ± 3.09 (n=10) | 0.748 |
| Δ Neutrophile/lymphocyte * | 5.41 ± 7.41 (n=1) | 2.73 ± 4.97 (n=111) | 0.125 | 3.78 ± 4.89 (n=22) | 2.31 ± 4.68 (n=70) | 0.072 | 3.09 ± 5.76 (n=6) | 2.65 ± 4.92 (n=90) | 0.691 |
| Number of neutrophile before surgery (×103)* | 8.81 ± 3.65 (n=1) | 7.08 ± 2.69 (n=14) | 0.196 | 7.08 ± 2.77 (n=3) | 7.05 ± 2.72 (n=8) | 0.829 | 7.08 ± 2.72 (n=2) | 7.16 ± 2.84 (n=11) | 0.875 |
| Δ Number of neutrophiles (×103)* | 4.60 ± 5.89 (n=1) | 1.68 ± 3.83 (n=109) | 0.031 | 2.32 ± 3.70 (n=22) | 1.63 ± 3.89 (n=70) | 0.277 | 1.95 ± 3.61 (n=5) | 1.65 ± 4.04 (n=89) | 0.672 |
| Number of lymphocytes before surgery (×103)* | 1.51 ± 0.62 (n=1) | 1.44 ± 0.64 (n=9) | 0.757 | 1.47 ± 0.69 (n=1) | 1.50 ± 0.65 (n=6) | 0.601 | 1.50 ± 0.56 (n=2) | 1.45 ± 0.67 (n=7) | 0.627 |
| Δ Number of lymphocytes (×103)* | 0.12 ± 1.26 (n=1) | − 0.21 ± 0.61 (n=105) | 0.130 | − 0.24 ± 0.52 (n=21) | − 0.24 ± 0.67 (n=67) | 0.843 | − 0.26 ± 0.53 (n=6) | − 0.19 ± 0.66 (n=85) | 0.509 |
| RDW* | 14.94 ± 1.69 (n=0) | 14.10 ± 1.79 (n=6) | 0.157 | 14.33 ± 1.76 (n=1) | 13.95 ± 1.84 (n=4) | 0.149 | 14.48 ± 2.04 (n=0) | 14.05 ± 1.59 (n=5) | 0.147 |
| Blood sugar baseline* | 185.11 ± 103.71 (n=1) | 156.28 ± 73.56 (n=57) | 0.432 | 170.15 ± 84.50 (n=14) | 143.76 ± 62.34 (n=33) | 0.028 | 161.37 ± 76.41 (n=3) | 153.91 ± 72.92 (n=49) | 0.596 |
| Surgical factors | |||||||||
| Operation time (min)* | 168.33 ± 42.28 (n=1) | 184.25 ± 58.08 (n=32) | 0.302 | 186.02 ± 59.40 (n=5) | 182.16 ± 55.66 (n=21) | 0.543 | 188.28 ± 73.04 (n=2) | 182.07 ± 55.01 (n=27) | 0.629 |
| Anesthesia time (min)* | 180.00 ± 40.00 (n=0) | 194.34 ± 57.32 (n=3) | 0.298 | 193.87 ± 58.19 (n=0) | 195.54 ± 56.32 (n=1) | 0.958 | 195.00 ± 69.66 (n=0) | 193.89 ± 54.78 (n=2) | 0.926 |
| Anesthesia type | (n=0) | (n=2) | 0.589 | (n=0) | (n=1) | 0.595 | (n=0) | (n=0) | 0.847 |
| Spinal | 9 (90%) | 227 (76.2%) | – | 75 (80.6%) | 111 (74.5%) | – | 29 (76.3%) | 175 (75.4%) | – |
| General | 1 (10%) | 67 (22.5%) | – | 16 (17.2%) | 36 (24.2%) | – | 9 (23.7) | 55 (23.7%) | – |
| Spinal & general | 0 (0%) | 4 (1.3%) | – | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (1.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 2 (.9%) | – |
| Surgical technique | (n=0) | (n=2) | 0.077 | (n=1) | (n=0) | 0.749 | (n=38) | (n=1) | 0.463 |
| DHS | 6 (60.0%) | 251 (84.2%) | – | 79 (85.9%) | 125 (83.3%) | – | 31 (81.6%) | 194 (84.0%) | – |
| Arthroplasty | 1 (10.0%) | 8 (2.7%) | – | 2 (2.2%) | 4 (2.7%) | – | 1 (2.6%) | 4 (1.7%) | – |
| Nail | 2 (20.0%) | 27 (9.1%) | – | 8 (8.7%) | 15 (10%) | – | 6 (15.8%) | 21 (9.1%) | – |
| DCS | 1 (10.0%) | 4 (1.3%) | – | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) | – | 0 (0%) | 5 (2.2%) | – |
| DHS + anti-rotation | 0 (0%) | 8 (2.7%) | – | 3 (3.3%) | 3 (2%) | – | 0 (0%) | 7 (3.0%) | – |
| Blood transfusion | 8 (80%), (n=0) | 108 (36.2%), (n=2) | 0.007 | 49 (52.7%), (n=0) | 42 (28%), (n=0) | 0.000 | 23 (60.5%), (n=0) | 78 (33.8%), (n=1) | 0.002 |
*Given as the mean and standard deviation.
Significant values are in bold.