Table 2.
OLS regression of externalizing problems at wave 2
| Variable | Germany | The Netherlands | Sweden | The U.K. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M5a | M6a | M7a | M8a | M5b | M6b | M7b | M8b | M5c | M6c | M7c | M8c | M5d | M6d | M7d | M8d | |
| Change in heritage language frequency | −0.063* | −0.061* | −0.062* | −0.060* | −0.013 | −0.013 | −0.013 | −0.014 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.015 | −0.005 | −0.011 | −0.005 |
| (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.017) | |
| Family cohesion | −0.014 | −0.017 | −0.012 | −0.014 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.026 | −0.035 | −0.040 | −0.035 | −0.036 | −0.064* | −0.072* | −0.060 | −0.064* |
| (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.022) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.022) | |
| Parental warmth | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.015 | −0.054 | −0.054 | −0.054 | −0.055 | −0.029 | −0.029 | −0.029 | −0.029 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.031 | 0.040 |
| (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
| Parental monitoring | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.019 | −0.023 | −0.023 | −0.023 | −0.023 | −0.043* | −0.043* | −0.043* | −0.047* | −0.043 | −0.043 | −0.045* | −0.045* |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
| Family cohesion*Change in heritage language frequency | −0.059* | 0.008 | −0.036 | −0.080*** | ||||||||||||
| (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.022) | (0.023) | |||||||||||||
| Parental warmth*Change in heritage language frequency | −0.076** | 0.003 | 0.000 | −0.077*** | ||||||||||||
| (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.017) | (0.021) | |||||||||||||
| Parental monitoring*Change in heritage language frequency | −0.040 | −0.034 | −0.030 | −0.034 | ||||||||||||
| (0.016) | (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.017) | |||||||||||||
| No. of Obs. | 1039 | 1039 | 1039 | 1039 | 1129 | 1129 | 1129 | 1129 | 1486 | 1486 | 1486 | 1486 | 1201 | 1201 | 1201 | 1201 |
| Adjusted R-Squared | 0.376 | 0.379 | 0.381 | 0.377 | 0.367 | 0.366 | 0.366 | 0.367 | 0.415 | 0.416 | 0.415 | 0.416 | 0.421 | 0.427 | 0.426 | 0.421 |
Standardized coefficients appear above standard errors in parenthesis. All models are controlled for externalizing problems at wave 1, heritage language frequency at wave 1, age at wave 1, gender, immigrant generation, country of origin, and stratum. Family relations variables (family cohesion, parental warmth, parental monitoring) are centered around the country sample mean. See Tables 8–11 in Appendix for the table with full information by country
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 (two-tailed tests)