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. 2023 Jul 26;13:12137. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39369-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation status and proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts on 3 GPa, 25 and 2 kPa culture plates. (a) Vimentin and α-SMA expression by immunofluorescence after 2 days in culture. Nuclei (DAPI in blue), vimentin (green), α-SMA (red) Scale bar = 100 µm. (b) α-SMA (ACTA2) and Collagen 1 (COL1A1) expression by RT-PCR following 4 days in culture. (c) Proliferation was assessed over 48 h and evaluated as a percentage change in fluorescence from baseline (day 0). Data presented as mean ± S.E.M. N = 3 experiments, 3 images per condition (a), 4–6 (b); 4 plates, 47 wells per plate (c). Nested one-way ANOVA compared with control (3GPa cells). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.