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. 2023 Jul 26;13:12137. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39369-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation status of quiescent and activated human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac fibroblasts (hiPSC-cFbs) in response to TGF-β and SD208. (a-f) Activation of quiescent and activated hiPSC-cFbs as determined by RT-PCR for ACTA2, COL1A1 and COL3A1 following 4 days in culture. Data presented as mean ± S.E.M. N = 6. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA compared with control. (g–i) Proliferation was assessed as a percentage change in fluorescence over 48 h compared to baseline. (g) Proliferation of untreated quiescent and activated hiPSC-cFBs. (h) Proliferation of quiescent hiPSC-cFBs in the presence of TGF-β (+ TGF) and following withdrawal of SB431542 (-SB). (i) Proliferation of activated hiPSC-cFBs in response to TGF-β (+ TGF) and TGF-β receptor inhibitors SD208 (+ SD208) and SB431542 (+ SB). Data presented as mean ± S.E.M. N = 3 plates, 24 wells. *p < 0.05, nested one-way ANOVA compared with control.