. 2023 Jul 12;9(7):e17520. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17520

Table (A.5).

Perceived livelihood diversified in Mtwara Rural District (n = 260).

Livelihood diversification	Responses	Near Villages (n = 120)	95% (CI) for Near Villages		Distant Villages (140)	95% (CI) for Distant Villages		Chi-square	P-value	Phi*
		Near Villages (n = 120)	Lower bound	Upper bound	Distant Villages (140)	Lower bound	Upper bound
		(%)	Lower bound	Upper bound	(%)	Lower bound	Upper bound
Farming	High	84.9	−.026	.331	83.0	−.105	.247	3.351*	.067	.114
Farming	Moderate Low	9.2	−.026	.331	17.0	−.105	.247	3.351*	.067	.114
Fishing	High	92.4	.047	.398	83.0	−.017	.330	5.210*	.022	.142
Fishing	Moderate Low	7.6	.047	.398	17.0	−.017	.330	5.210*	.022	.142
Salaried employment	High	34.5	−.094	.166	30.5	−.209	.048	.462	.497	.042
Salaried employment	Moderate Low	65.5	−.094	.166	69.5	−.209	.048	.462	.497	.042
Investor farm wage labour	High	23.5	−.091	.116	24.8	−.108	.096	.923	.630	.060
	Moderate	76.5			74.5
	Low	0.0			0.7
Farm wage labour	High	58.0	.034	.215	35.5	.042	.221	16.537***	.000	.552
	Moderate	31.1			56.0
	Low	10.9			8.5
Carpentry and welding	High	31.1	.023	.170	17.0	.022	.168	9.179*	.027	.188
	Moderate	32.8			33.3
	Low	36.2			49.6
Making bricks	High	70.6	−.219	.029	75.2	−.210	.035	7.613*	.022	.171
	Moderate	19.3			22.7
	Low	10.1			2.1
Bicycle/motorcycle repair	High	10.9	−.240	.036	22.0	−.168	.105	10.296**	.006	.199
	Moderate	79.0			75.2
	Low	10.1			2.8
Motor-bike transport	High	9.2	−.240	.036	9.2	−.100	.185	14.530**	.002	.236
	Moderate	35.3			21.3
	Low	55.5			68.5
Brewing	High	8.4	−.059	.230	7.8	−.100	.185	.031	.859	.011
Brewing	Moderate Low	91.6	−.059	.230	92.2	−.100	.185	.031	.859	.011
Charcoaling	High	24.4	−.141	.074	31.2	−.109	.103	4.520	.104	.132
	Moderate	72.3			61.0
	Low	3.4			7.8
Dishwashing	High	26.9	−.113	.070	26.2	−.088	.092	.143	.931	.023
	Moderate	57.1			56.0
	Low	16.0			17.7
Mechanical	High	21.0	−.162	.019	27.7	−.185	−.006	7.527*	.023	.170
	Moderate	51.3			58.2
	Low	27.7			14.2
Housekeeping	High	18.5	−.169	.023	25.5	−.184	.005	7.920*	.019	.175
	Moderate	68.1			70.2
	Low	13.4			4.3
Machine Operator	High	16.0	−.183	.015	24.1	−.197	−.002	7.339*	.025	.168
	Moderate	62.2			65.2
	Low	21.8			10.6
Boat driving	High	84.9	−.139	.224	83.0	−.159	.199	2.934	.231	.106
	Moderate	13.4			17.0
	Low	1.7			0.0
Food vendor	High	15.1	−.012	.170	10.6	.041	.220	6.519	.089	.158
	Moderate	43.7			36.2
	Low	38.6			53.2
Security Guide	High	11.8	−.204	.090	22.0	−.202	.088	4.725	.094	.135
	Moderate	79.8			70.2
	Low	8.4			7.8
Petty Business	High	9.2	−.117	.061	9.2	−.173	.003	14.530**	.002	.236
	Moderate	35.3			21.3
	Low	55.5			69.5

Note: * Phi-statistics was interpreted as follows: 0–0.11 is weak strength of association, 0.11–0.30 is moderate strength of association, and 0.31 - above is strong strength of association (Healey, 2013). *, ** and *** represent statistically significant levels at p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001 respectively.