Table 4.
Brain urea fold-change comparisons between VaD and other age-related dementias.
| Brain region | Fold-change in VaD (this study) | Fold-change in AD (Xu et al., 2016) | Fold-change in HD (Patassini et al., 2015) | Fold-change in PDD (Scholefield et al., 2021) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hippocampus | 2.4 | 6.5 | 3.6 | 4.2 |
| Cingulate gyrus | 2.3 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 5.5 |
| Middle temporal gyrus | 2.2 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 4.3 |
| Occipital cortex | 2.3 | – | – | 4.3 |
| Frontal gyrus | 2.0† | – | 3.0 | – |
| Basal ganglia | 2.4 | – | – | – |
| Thalamus | 2.3 | – | – | – |
| Sensory cortex | – | 4.9 | 3.4 | – |
| Cerebellum | – | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.7 |
| Motor cortex | – | 5.0 | 3.4 | 4.1 |
| Substantia nigra | – | – | – | 3.9 |
| Medulla | – | – | – | 4.6 |
| Pons | – | – | – | 3.9 |
| Putamen | – | – | 3.7 | – |
| Globus pallidus | – | – | 3.6 | – |
| Entorhinal cortex | – | 5.6 | 2.8 | – |
| Overall | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 5.3 (4.8–5.8) | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 4.3 (3.9–4.6) |
| Overall disease comparison | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 5.5 (3.2–7.8) | 3.5 (3.3–3.8) | 4.6 (2.9–6.5) |
Brain urea case-control fold-change comparisons between VaD (n = 10), AD (n = 9), HD (n = 9), and PDD (n = 9). Fold-change represents cases divided by the controls. Overall signifies the mean overall fold-change (±95% CI) for each investigation. Overall disease comparison signifies the mean overall fold-change (±95% CI) for all regions that were used for the multi-disease comparisons (highlighted in gray). Number of controls used in each cohort are as follows: VaD (n = 8/9), AD (n = 9), HD (n = 9), and PDD (n = 9). The order or urea fold-change across these dementias from highest to lowest is AD, PDD, HD, and lastly VaD.
Only VaD urea levels in the FG were non-significant. All other values had value of ps < 0.05.