Table 1.

Employer management styles and characteristics

	Management style
Characteristics	Domestic workers				Childcare workers
	Maternalism	Personalism	Distant hierarchy	Business relationship	Puppeteer management	Paranormal management	Partnership management
Direction of relationship/communication	One-way relationship	Two-way relationship	One-way relationship	One-way relationship	One-way communication	Communication unnecessary	Two-way communication
Employers	Provide gifts, charity, unsolicited advice, and assistance	Care for the employee and recognition of their dignity and value	Use condescending verbal expressions and distant body language towards their workers	Respect for worker’s private space and rest time	Create rules, reporting procedures, and monitoring strategies	Trust the nanny’s judgment	Share decision-making about children’s daily activities
Workers	Child-like, deficient, and needy	Unique individuals with particular aspirations	Invisible	Respect for employer’s private space and rest time	In need of Taylorist scheduling	Will naturally make the same decisions that they make	Share decision-making about children’s daily activities
Employer expectations	Job commitment, loyalty, and extra hours	Job commitment, loyalty, and extra hours	Address them with respectful terms and subservience	Minimise interactions with them	Carry out their decisions and produce consistent childcare for their children	Trust the nanny’s judgment as mirroring their own	Partners who bring different but valuable skills to child-raising

Source: Table created by author, adapted from Hondagneu-Sotelo [23], Lan [24], Macdonald [25], Rollins [26] and Romero [27].