Table 3.

Soil quality and urban planning.

Impacts	-Accumulation of toxic metal-rich wastes (i.e. tailings) from mining activities in urban and peri-urban areas [70,71]. -Dispersion of toxic metals from mine tailings without proper safe closure measures [72]. -Mining accounted for ∼10% of the total GDP in 2018 (over 30% in some regions, up to 53% in the Antofagasta region) [73]. -Natural and anthropogenic soil enrichment with toxic metals and metalloids [70,74,75]. -Mine tailings: 85% of 764 tailings in Chile are either inactive or abandoned [76].
Causes	-Absence of regulations establishing substance concentration threshold values by soil use, as in Canada [77] and Brazil [78]. -Urban planning legislation does not consider soil quality and health impacts of mine tailings [70]. -Urban planning legislation does not explicitly consider public exposure to metals in soil risk assessments [79]. -Local background not defined for the establishment of soil quality guidelines [70] -Urban planning legislation is vague in the definition of “risk areas” (i.e. Article N°2.1.17) [66].
Current plans for action	-Polymetals Health Initiative of the Arica and Parinacota region as a local policy [80]. -Guide for the management of soils with the potential presence of pollutants [81]. -New soil bill aiming at protecting and restoring soils. Limiting urban development in contaminated areas is currently being discussed [82].