. 2023 Jul 26;6(7):e2322494. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.22494

Table 2. Pathogens Most Frequently Determined to Have Caused Deaths According to Their Position in the Causal Chain Leading to Death for All Deaths and Deaths With at Least 1 Infection in the Causal Chain .

Pathogen	No. of pathogens	Pathogens among deaths of any cause, % (n = 632)^a	Pathogens among infectious deaths, % (n = 549)^b
Underlying cause
HIV	75	11.9	13.7
Plasmodium falciparum	68	10.8	12.4
Streptococcus pneumoniae	26	4.1	4.7
Klebsiella pneumoniae	23	3.6	4.2
Cytomegalovirus	13	2.1	2.4
Escherichia coli	12	1.9	2.2
Adenovirus	10	1.6	1.8
Haemophilus influenzae^c	9	1.4	1.6
Rotavirus	8	1.3	1.5
Pneumocystis jirovecii	5	0.8	0.9
Immediate cause
Klebsiella pneumoniae	113	17.9	20.6
Streptococcus pneumoniae	83	13.1	15.1
Plasmodium falciparum	43	6.8	7.8
Escherichia coli	39	6.2	7.1
Cytomegalovirus	32	5.1	5.8
Staphylococcus aureus	31	4.9	5.5
Haemophilus influenzae^d	30	4.7	5.5
Acinetobacter baumannii	21	3.3	3.8
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	21	3.3	3.8
Adenovirus	13	2.1	2.4
Any cause
Klebsiella pneumoniae	155	24.5	28.2
Plasmodium falciparum	122	19.3	22.2
Streptococcus pneumoniae	109	17.2	19.9
HIV	75	11.9	13.7
Escherichia coli	58	9.2	10.6
Cytomegalovirus	57	9.0	10.4
Haemophilus influenzae^e	46	7.3	8.4
Staphylococcus aureus	43	6.8	7.8
Acinetobacter baumannii	39	6.2	7.1
Adenovirus	27	4.3	4.9

^{^a}

Total percentage was calculated as the number of counts divided by the total number of deaths (N = 632).

^{^b}

Relative percentage was calculated as the number of counts divided by deaths having an underlying, immediate, or any cause of infectious origin (n = 549).

^{^c}

Includes 1 type A, 1 type B, and 7 untyped.

^{^d}

Includes 2 type A, 2 type B, and 26 untyped.

^{^e}

Includes 3 type A, 2 type B, and 41 untyped.