Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Maternal Characteristics | NW (n=20) | Obese (n=19) | t-test p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 29.6 ± 1.4 | 26.9 ± 1.5 | 0.21 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.7 ± 0.1 | 34.6 ± 0.9 | <0.0001* |
| Primiparous, n (%) | 9 (45) | 12 (63) | 0.27 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 76.7 ± 1.1 | 77.6 ± 1.7 | 0.64 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 15.7 ± 2.8 | 0.008* |
| HOMA-IR | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.009* |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 97.3 ± 7.9 | 134.9 ± 10.8 | 0.008* |
| Free fatty acids, mmol/L | 343.8 ± 26.6 | 428.0 ± 35.0 | 0.07 |
| Total Cholesterol | 171.7 ± 6.8 | 179.7 ± 5.6 | 0.37 |
| HDL Cholesterol | 62.7 ± 3.2 | 58.0 ± 2.8 | 0.28 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 14.2 ± 0.9 | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 0.10 |
| Gestational age at delivery, wks | 39.5 ± 0.3 | 39.4 ± 0.3 | 0.84 |
| Cesarean delivery, n (%) | 1 (5) | 2 (11) | 0.53 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | 0.14 |
| Infant Characteristics (Birth) | NW (n=20) | Obese (n=19) | t-test p |
| Sex, n (f/m) | 9/11 | 8/11 | NA |
| Birth weight, g | 3200 ± 81 | 3278 ± 86 | 0.52 |
| Fat mass, g | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Fat mass, % | 8.3 ± 0.8 | 11.0 ± 0.8 | 0.02* |
| Fat free mass, g | 2.81 ± 0.06 | 2.80 ± 0.07 | 0.94 |
| Fat free mass, % | 91.7 ± 0.8 | 89.0 ± 0.8 | 0.02* |
| Cord blood glucose, mg/dL | 85.6 ± 5.7 | 80.4 ± 5.1 | 0.57 |
| Cord blood insulin, uIU/mL | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 11.9 ± 2.2 | 0.05* |
| Cord blood triglycerides, mmol/L | 49.8 ± 5.5 | 46.6 ± 5.6 | 0.74 |
| Ever breastfed, n (%) | 19 (95) | 18 (95) | 0.97 |
| Exclusive breastfed 6mo, n (%) | 10 (50) | 5 (26) | 0.13 |
| MSC time to confluence, d | 29.7 ± 1.8 | 26.2 ± 1.6 | 0.17 |
| Child Characteristics (4-6 y) | NW | Obese | t-test p |
| Age, mo. | 57.4 ± 1.3 (n=9) | 53.7 ± 0.3 (n=8) | 0.09 |
| Weight, kg | 16.2 ± 0.3 (n=9) | 16.7 ± 0.4 (n=8) | 0.52 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 14.7 ± 0.3 (n=9) | 15.3 ± 0.1 (n=8) | 0.15 |
| Fat mass, g | 2.9 ± 0.2 (n=9) | 3.6 ± 0.3 (n=8) | 0.25 |
| Fat mass, % | 18.1 ± 1.2 (n=9) | 21.7 ± 1.7 (n=8) | 0.30 |
| Fat free mass, g | 13.3 ± 0.2 (n=9) | 13.1 ± 0.4 (n=8) | 0.74 |
| Fat free mass, % | 81.9 ± 1.2 (n=9) | 78.3 ± 1.7 (n=8) | 0.30 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 83.2 ± 0.4 (n=6) | 82.0 ± 1.6 (n=4) | 0.77 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 9.6 ± 2.5 (n=7) | 6.0 ± 0.6 (n=5) | 0.45 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 59.3 ± 8.6 (n=7) | 65.4 ± 4.4 (n=5) | 0.72 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 6.3 ± 0.6 (n=7) | 7.2 ± 0.8 (n=5) | 0.63 |
| Adiponectin, ug/mL | 18.8 ± 1.9 (n=5) | 16.9 ± 1.1 (n=5) | 0.67 |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 152.4 ± 5.6 (n=7) | 134.0 ± 4.2 (n=5) | 0.17 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 47.7 ± 1.2 (n=7) | 46.2 ± 1.9 (n=5) | 0.73 |
Data are mean ± SEM, unless otherwise stated.
*
Significant independent t-test P<0.05.