Table 2.
Studies of fatal injury.
| Author | Year | Data Source | Geography | Sample | Age | Design | Intent | Mechanism | Results | Gradient |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Individual-level studies | ||||||||||
| Jain et al. | 2001 | National Center for Health Statistics, 1989–91 | National | 3218 | Infants | Cross-sectional | All | Injury death | Parental Education (—) | Yes |
| Putnam-Hornstein | 2011 | California CPS records and vital records for children born 1999–2006 | State | 1917 | Children | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury death | Public health insurance (+) vs. private health insurance Maternal Education (—) | No |
| Steege et al. | 2014 | Bureau ofLabor Statistics Census ofFatal Occupational Injuries, 2005–2009 | National | 26,996 | Adolescents and adults | Cross-sectional | All | Occupational related fatalities | Education (—) Wages (—) | No |
| Schnitzer & Ewigman | 2005 | Missouri Child Fatality Review, 1992–1999 | State | 447 | Children | Case-control | Intentional | Homicide, Inflicted injury fatality | Education (—) Poverty (—) | No |
| Stiffman et al. | 2002 | Missouri Child Fatality Review, 1992–1994 | State | 471 | Children | Case-control | Intentional | Homicide | Education (—) Poverty (n.s.)a | No |
| Chang et al. | 2005 | Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System, 1991–1999 | National | 7342 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide during or within 1 year of pregnancy | Education (—) | Yes |
| Duberstein et al. | 2004 | Medical examiner’s office of 2 New York counties, 1996–2001 | Multi-county | 172 | Older Adults | Case-control | Intentional | Suicide | Income (—) Financial trouble (+) Employment (—) Education (n.s.) | No |
| Harris et al. | 2012 | National Trauma Data Bank, 2005–2008 | National | 137,658 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide | Health insurance coverage (—) | No |
| Kposowa | 2001 | US National Longitudinal Mortality Study 1979–89 | National | 471,922 | Adults | Cohort, prospective | Intentional | Suicide | Employment (—) Among men: education (—) and income (—) | Yes |
| Phillips et al. | 2010 | National Center for Health Statistics, 1979–2005 | National | US pop. | Adults | Cross-sectional time series | Intentional | Suicide | Education (—) | Yes |
| Purselle et al. | 2009 | Medical Examiner's Office, Fulton County, Georgia, 1988–2003 | County | 1377 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Suicide | Mixed by age & racial group. Incomeb (—) among whites; Incomeb (+) among adolescents: Incomeb (—) among elderly | Yes |
| Wexler et al. | 2008 | Tribal Health Organization, Suicide Reporting Forms, 1990–2001 | Region | 254 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Suicide, suicide attempt | Employment (—) Education (—) | No |
| Wiebe | 2003 | National Mortality Followback Survey, 1993; Controls from National Health Interview Survey, 1994 | National | 9804-homicide, 15,494- suicide | Adults | Case-control | Intentional | Homicide and suicide fatalities | For homicide: Income (—) Education (—) For suicide: Income (—) | Yes |
| Willis et al. | 2003 | National Mortality Followback Survey, 1993 | National | 1338 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Suicide (African Americans) | Education (—) | No |
| Lo et al. | 2015 | National Mortality Followback Survey, 1993 | National | 1409 | Adolescents, adults and older adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide (younger age at death) | Homeownership (—) Employment (+) among White victims, Employment (—) among Hispanic and Black victims | No |
| Carlberg et al. | 2012 | Linked birth and death certificates, 2000–2002 | National | 11.57 M | Infants | Cohort, retrospective | Unintentional | Death due to suffocation, asphyxiation or strangulation in bed (ASSB) | Education (—) | Yes |
| Johnson, Wilson, et al. | 2009 | Pennsylvania Dept. ofHealth Death Certificates, 1993 | State | 118 | All ages | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Heat-related death | Educationb (n.s.) Povertyb (n.s.) | No |
| Saluja et al. | 2006 | Death certificates, medical examiner reports, newspaper clippings from CPSC, 1995–1998 | National | 678 | Children and Young Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Drowning death | Incomeb (—) when race not included in regression model; when race included incomeb (n.s.) | Yes |
| Ecological studies | ||||||||||
| Votruba & Kling | 2009 | National Death Index, fatalities among (Chicago) Gautreaux Assisted Housing Residents placed through 1994 | Neighborhood | Tracts, not specified | Children, Adolescents, Young Adults | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury fatality | Tract: Education (—) Poverty (n.s.) % households receiving government assistance (n.s.) | No |
| Cerdá et al. | 2010 | Office of the ChiefMedical Examiner, NYC, 1990–1999 | City | 74 police precincts | Adults | Cross-sectional time series | Intentional | Homicides, gun-related | Tract: Education (n.s.) | No |
| Clouston, et al. | 2014 | National Center for Health Statistics, 1968–2009 | National | 3110 | Adults | Cross-sectional time series | Intentional | Suicide | County: 5 indicators of SES as an aggregate measure (—) | Yes |
| Frye et al. | 2008 | Office of the Medical Examiner, NYC, 1990–1999 | City | 1042 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide (IPV) | Community districts: Income (—) Education (n.s.) Job Status (n.s.) Unemployment (n.s.) | Yes |
| Gibbons et al. | 2005 | National Vital Statistics, CDC, 1996–1998 | National | All US counties | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Suicide | County: Median income (—) | Yes |
| Johnson, Gruenewald, et al. | 2009 | California Death Public Use Files, 1995–2000 | State | 581 ZIP codes | Adults | Cross-sectional time series | Intentional | Suicide | ZIP Code: Income (—) in rural, more White areas, (n.s.) for other groups | No |
| McCall et al. | 2008 | FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports and Supplemental Homicide Reports (1970–2000) | National | 83 cities | Adults | Cross-sectional time series | Intentional | Homicide | City: Deprivation (+), Employment (n.s.) Income (—) Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Miller et al. | 2005 | Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, NYC, 1996 | City | 827 | Adults | Case-control | Intentional | Suicide | Community districts: Income inequality (+) for ages <35 Mean income (n.s.) | Yes |
| Robinson et al. | 2009 | Los Angeles County Dept. ofHealth Svcs. Mortality Database, 1994–2002 | County | 255 ZIP codes | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide | ZIP code: Employment (—) High school dropout rate (+), Income (n.s.) | No |
| Spriggs Madkour et al. | 2010 | North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System 2004–2006 | State | 100 counties | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide (IPV) | County: Disadvantage score (+) | No |
| Wu | 2009 | California Vital Statistics and Homicide Data, 1990–99 | State | 32,103 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide (IPV) | ZIP code: Social deprivation (+) Median income (—) among non-Asian groups | Yes |
| Branas et al. | 2004 | Firearm injury reporting system in three counties, containing Allentown PA, Youngstown OH, and Cedar Rapids, IH, 1994–1998 | Multi-county | 468 tracts/3 counties | All ages | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Homicide and suicide due to firearms | County: Education (mixed by county), Income (n.s.) Unemployment (mixed by county) | Yes |
| Shai & Lupinacci | 2003 | Office of the Fire Marshal, Philadelphia Fire Department 1989–2000 | City | 324 tracts | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Fire related death | Tract: Education (n.s.) Employment (n.s.) Income (—) | Yes |
a
n.s. refers to a non-significant relationship.
b
Indicates an area-level SES measure used to proxy individual-level SES.