Table 3.
Studies of non-fatal injury.
| Author | Year | Data source | Geography | Sample | Age | Design | Intent | Mechanism | Results | Gradient |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-level studies | ||||||||||
| Crandall et al. | 2010 | Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, three year follow up of 1998–2000 cohort | National | 3153 | Young children | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury requiring medical attention in the first and third year oflife | Education (—) Poverty (n.s.)a Employment (n.s.) | No |
| Crandall et al. | 2006 | Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 1998–2000 cohort | National | 3808 | Young children | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury requiring medical attention in the 1st year of life | Employment (n.s.) | No |
| Grunwaldt et al. | 2011 | Emergency Department records, Children’s Hosp. ofPittsburgh, 2000–2005 | Hospital | 772 | Adults | Cross-sectional | All | Facial fracture | Income (—) Poverty (+)for violence-related fractures: | Yes |
| Johnston & Martin-Herz | 2010 | Hospital trauma registry, 2003–2004 | Hospital | 258 | Children | Cohort, prospective | All | Re-injury to index child or sibling | Education (—) Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Lee et al. | 2008 | National Survey of Children’s Health 2003–2004 | National | 15,990 | Children | Case-control | All | Injury requiring medical attention in previous year | Poverty (n.s.) | Yes |
| Leininger et al. | 2009 | National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) Child Outcomes Study, 1992–1999 | Multi-city | 1280 | Children | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury | Education (—) for 1of3 models; Employment (n.s.) Income: poverty ratio (n.s.) Welfare as child (n.s.) Health insurance (n.s.) | Yes |
| Marcin et al. | 2003 | University of California, Davis, Children’s Medical Center (UCDCMC) Trauma Registry 1988–1998 | Hospital | 3855 | Children | Cross-sectional | All | Injury hospitalization | Income (—)b, Poverty (+)b | Yes |
| Mericli et al. | 2011 | Emergency Department records, Children’s Hosp. ofPittsburgh, 2000–2005 | Hospital | 793 | Children | Case-control | All | Craniofacial fracture | Incomeb (—) Povertyb (+), | Yes |
| Schneiderman et al. | 2012 | National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being, 1999–2001 | National | 3440 | Children | Cross-sectional | All | Injuries requiring medical attention in 15 months following CPS investigation | Education (n.s.) Health insurance coverage (n.s.) Income (n.s.) | Yes |
| Schwebel & Brezausek | 2007 | National Institute ofChild Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care | National | 7999 | Young children | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury requiring medical treatment | Income: needs ratio (n.s.) | No |
| Simon et al. | 2008 | National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2003 | National | 2.24 M | Children | Cross-sectional | All | Injury (including poisoning) requiring medical advice or treatment in prior 3 months | Area Povertyb (n.s.) Income: Federal poverty level ratio (n.s.) Poverty (n.s.) | Yes |
| Sridharan and Crandall | 2011 | Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, enrollment 1998–2000, followed through 2005 | National | 2397 | Children | Cohort, prospective | All | Injury requiring medical attention in the fifth year of life | Education (n.s.) Income (—) Type ofhealth insurance (n.s.) | Yes |
| Allareddy et al. | 2014 | Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), 2008–2010 | National | 336,124 | Children and adolescents | Cross-sectional | All | Facial Fractures | Incomeb (+) for falls & assaults Incomeb (—) for Firearm, motor vehicle | Yes |
| Houston et al. | 2013 | National Survey of Home Health Aides Survey, 2007 | National | 3377 | Adults | Cross-sectional | All | Home health aides work-related injury | Hourly pay rate (+) | No |
| Kaufman et al. | 2007 | Hospital medical records and patient interviews from four burn centers, 1994–2005 | Multi-hospital | 2062 | Adults | Case-control | All | Burn (assault vs. non assault) | Education (n.s.) Employment (—) Housing status (—) | Yes |
| Keough et al. | 2001 | Hospital medical records and patient interview, 1997–1998 | Hospital | 100 | Adults | Cross-sectional | All | Injury recidivism | Education (—) Health insurance coverage (—) | Yes |
| Leff et al. | 2003 | Survey ofColorado residents, 1999–2000 | State | 2713 | Adults | Cross-sectional | All | Injury requiring medical attention in the previous year | Education (n.s.) Poverty (n.s.) | Yes |
| Xiang et al. | 2007 | National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2001–2002 | National | 43,093 | Adults | Cross-sectional | All | Injury requiring hospitalization | Among immigrants, Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Frencher et al. | 2010 | NY State Hospital Discharges, SPARCS, 2000 to 2002 | City | 1.53 M | All ages | Cross-sectional | All | Injury requiring hospital treatment | Housing status (—) | No |
| Sinclair, Smith & Xiang | 2006 | 2000–2003 National Health Interview Survey | National | 384,467 | All ages | Cross-sectional | All | Injury requiring medical attention in past three months | Education (n.s.) Poverty (n.s.) Health insurance coverage (—) among foreign born persons | Yes |
| Xiang et al. | 2012 | Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), 2007 | National | 57,909 | All ages | Cross-sectional | All | Drug-related poisoning requiring ED admission | Incomeb (—) | Yes |
| Cheng et al. | 2003 | Injured adolescents in 2 emergency departments, 1997–2000 | Multi-hospital | 478 | Adolescents | Case-control | Intentional | Assault injury | Education (n.s.) | No |
| Faulkner et al. | 2001 | Virginia Dept. of CriminalJustice, police records 1995–1996 | Multi-city | 571 | Adults | Cohort, prospective | Intentional | Injury sustained during robbery | Building value (—) Rent (—) | No |
| Lipsky et al. | 2004 | Patient interview, 2001 | Hospital | 384 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Violence-related injury | Education (n.s.) Employment (n.s.) | No |
| Rich & Sullivan | 2001 | Survey | Clinic | 177 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Assault Injury | Education (—) | Yes |
| Bishai et al. | 2008 | HealthySteps, 1996–1997 | National | 3449 | Young children | Cohort, prospective | Unintentional | Injury requiring medical attention | Education (—) Income (n.s.) | Yes |
| Garzon et al. | 2008 | Parental self-report in Emergency Department, 2004 | Hospital | 124 | Children | Case-control | Unintentional | Child Injury | Income (n.s.) Education (n.s.) | No |
| Jones et al. | 2009 | NHANES Phase III (Survey 1999–2004 compared to 1988–1991 and 1991–1994) | National | 4817 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | Poverty (+) | No |
| Kim et al. | 2002 | Jefferson Co. Lead Poisoning Prevention Program Registry, 1991–2000 | County | 34,798 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | HousingValueb (—) | No |
| Malcoe et al. | 2002 | Prospective field data collection | Community | 245 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | Education (—) Poverty (+) | No |
| Ni et al. | 2002 | National Health Interview Survey 1997–1998 | National | 38,458 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Recreational injury requiring medical attention | Education (+) Poverty (—) | Yes |
| Nriagu et al. | 2011 | Detroit-area WIC clinic medical records and surveys, 2006–2007 | City | 429 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | Paternal education (—) Maternal education (n.s.) Home ownership (—) Poverty (n.s.) | No |
| Polivka et al. | 2002 | National Health Interview Survey, 1997–1999 | National | 196 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Poisoning | Income (n.s.) | No |
| Schwebel et al. | 2012 | Healthy Passages participants, 2004–2006 | Multi-city | 3218 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injuries requiring medical attention | SES composite (—) Health insurance coverage (n.s.) | No |
| Schwebel, Brezausek, & Belsky | 2006 | National Institute ofChild Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care | National | 1225 | Children | Cohort, prospective | Unintentional | Injury requiring medical attention | Income to need ratio (n.s.) | Yes |
| Sinclair & Xiang | 2008 | National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2005 | National | 242,796 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injury requiring medical attention | Education (n.s.), Poverty (n.s.) | Yes |
| Vaughan et al. | 2004 | Parent interview | Clinic | 150 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injury | Education (+) | No |
| Xiang et al. | 2005 | National Health Interview Survey, 2000–2002 | National | 57,909 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injury requiring medical attention | Education (+) Health insurance coverage (+) | Yes |
| Rauscher and Myers | 2008 | Survey ofone High School | School | 1430 | Adolescents | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational eye injury | Education (—) Employment (+) | Yes |
| Schwebel & Brezausek | 2009 | California Health Interview Survey, 2003 | State | 12,536 | Children and Adolescents | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injuries requiring medical treatment | Health insurance coverage (—) | No |
| Boyer et al. | 2009 | Workforce rosters and worker’s compensation claims for employees of one hospital in Northeastern Massachusetts. | Hospital | 1483 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational injury resulting in worker’s compensation claim | 5 category SES classification scheme (—) | Yes |
| Brown et al. | 2006 | Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2003 | National | 207,776 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Sunburn | Education (+) Employment (+) Income (+) | Yes |
| Crandall et al. | 2014 | Study ofWomen’s Health Across the Nation | Multi-city | 2167 | Midlife adults | Cohort, prospective | Unintentional | Incident fracture | Difficulty paying for basics (n.s.) Income (n.s.) Poverty-to-income ratio (n.s.) Education (—) among non-Caucasian women | Yes |
| Dembe, Erickson & Delbos | 2004 | National Longitudinal Survey ofYouth 1998 | National | 7271 | Adults | Cohort, prospective | Unintentional | Occupational injury | Education (—) Homeownership (—) HourlyPay (—) Income (—) | Yes |
| Forrest & Cali | 2009 | National Health Interview Survey, 2002 | National | 28,913 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational eye injury | Education (—) Income (n.s.) | Yes |
| Holman et al. | 2014 | National Health Interview Survey, 2010 | National | 24,970 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Sunburn | College education (+) Private health insurance (+) (vs. other types of insurance) | Yes |
| Hsiao et al. | 2010 | Defense Medical Surveillance System, 1998–2007 | Military | 9299 | Military | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Patellar dislocation | Rank (—) | No |
| Hsiao et al. | 2012 | Defense Medical Surveillance System, 1999–2008 | Military | 15,514 | Military | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Clavicle fracture | Rank (—) | No |
| Luo et al. | 2012 | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2005–2007) | National | 43,510 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational eye injury | Education (—) Income (—); both among men only | Yes |
| Price et al. | 2012 | National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2010 | National | 183,676 | Adults | Case-control | Unintentional | Injury requiring medical treatment | Education (—) for occupational injuries Health insurance coverage (+) for non-occupational injuries | No |
| Rastogi et al. | 2007 | Hospital medical records, 1999–2005 | Hospital | 6880 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | Education (n.s.) Poverty (n.s.) | No |
| Roy et al. | 2012 | Survey | Hospital | 593 | Military | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Musculoskeletal injury | Rank (+) | Yes |
| Sprince et al. | 2003 | Agricultural Health Study, 1998 | Multi-state | 552 | Adults | Case-control | Unintentional | Fall-related injury | Education (n.s.) | No |
| Sprince et al. | 2008 | National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2005 | National | 195,282 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational injury requiring medical treatment | Education (n.s.) | No |
| Sprince et al. | 2007 | Agricultural Health Study, Iowa | State | 514 | Adults | Case-control | Unintentional | Back injury | Education (+) | No |
| Strong and Zimmerman | 2005 | National Longitudinal Survey ofYouth (10 survey waves from 1988 to 2000, participants originally surveyed in 1979) | National | 9294 | Adults | Cohort, prospective | Unintentional | Occupational injury | Education (n.s.) Job status (—) Rate/income (n.s.) | Yes |
| Taylor et al. | 2011 | Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Chronic Condition Warehouse, Claims data, 2000–2005 | National | 1.69 M | Older Adults | Cohort, retrospective | Unintentional | Fracture | Incomeb (—) | Yes |
| Wilson et al. | 2006 | Asset and Health Dynamics Survey, 1993 and 1995 | National | 5630 | Older Adults | Cohort, prospective | Unintentional | Hip fracture | Education (—) Lack of supplemental insurance coverage (+) Income (n.s.) | Yes |
| Wirtz et al. | 2012 | National Health Interview Survey, 2004–2010 | National | 96,915 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational injury | Education (—) | Yes |
| Wolinsky et al. | 2009 | Survey on Asset and Health Dynamics | National | 5511 | Older | Cohort, | Unintentional | Hip fracture following | Education (—) | Yes |
| Among the Oldest Old, linked to Medicare claims, 1993–2005 | Adults | prospective | hospitalization | Income (—) | ||||||
| Zhang et al. | 2009 | National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2005 | National | 401,667 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Occupational injury | Education (—) Health insurance coverage (n.s.) Poverty (n.s.) | Yes |
| Ecological studies | ||||||||||
| Freisthler et al. | 2008 | 0–17 year olds in California Hospital Discharge Data, COSHPD, 2000 | State | 1646 ZIP codes | Children | Cross-sectional | All | Injury due to accident, assault, or child abuse by ZIP code | ZIP code: Education (—) for accidental injuries, (+) for child abuse Poverty (+) for assault injuries | Yes |
| Rewers et al. | 2005 | Colorado Trauma Registry, 1998–2001 | State | 1105 tracts | Children | Cross-sectional | All | Femur fracture | Tract: Income (—) among youngest children Single family housing (—) among 4–12 year olds | No |
| Zarzaur et al. | 2010 | Hospital Trauma Registry, Shelby County, TN, 1996–2005 | Hospital | 214 tracts | Adults | Cross-sectional | All | Crude injury admission rates, mechanism, severity | Tract: Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Edelman et al. | 2010 | Burn victims in five Utah state databases (EMS, ED, Hospital Discharge, Burn Database, HD) 1997–2001 | State | 29 counties | All Ages | Cross-sectional | All | Burn requiring treatment | County area: Education (—) Employment (—) Income (—) Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Krieger et al. | 2003 | Massachusetts Dept. ofPublic Health, 1995–1997 | State | 6500 block groups/1586 tracts/544 ZIP codes | All Ages | Cross-sectional | All | Non-fatal weapons related injury | Block group, tract, and ZIP code: Multiple SES indicators used, Increased risk ofinjury for those with the lowest resources compared to those with the most. | Yes |
| Reed et al. | 2003 | Hospital Trauma Registries, two Sedgewick County, Kansas Trauma Centers, 1990/1–1999 | Multi-hospital | 1 county | All Ages | Cross-sectional time series | All | Penetrating trauma requiring treatment | County: Employment (—) | Yes |
| Pabayo et al. | 2014 | Boston Youth Survey (BYS), 2008; Boston Neighborhood Study (BNS) | City | 1878 | Adolescents | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Assault related injury | Tract: Income inequality (+) | No |
| Boyle & Hassett-Walker | 2008 | Six hopsitals in Newark, New Jersey | Multi-hospital | 262 block groups | All Ages | Cross-sectional | Intentional | Assault related injury | Block group: Poverty + | Yes |
| Chakravarthy et al. | 2012 | California Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System, Orange County, 2000–2004 | County | 577 tracts | All Ages | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Pedestrian injury | Tract: Income (—) Education (—) | Yes |
| Haley & Talbot | 2004 | New York State Health department Laboratory Reporting System, 1994–1997 | State | 952 ZIP codes | Young children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | ZIP code: Education (—) | Yes |
| Kaplowitz et al. | 2010 | Michigan Dept. ofCommunity Health database ofblood lead level tests, 1998–2005 | State | 533,647 | Children | Cross-sectional time series | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | ZIP code vs. block group: Education (—) Medicaid insurance status (+) Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Shenassa et al. | 2004 | Hospital discharge data, Illinois, 1990–2000 | State | 11,735 | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injury occurring at home | ZIP code: Concentrated poverty (+) | Yes |
| Vivier et al. | 2011 | Rhode Island Department ofHealth, Lead Elimination Surveillance System, 1993–2005 | State | 808 block groups | Children | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Elevated blood lead level | Block group: Poverty (+) | Yes |
| Chakravarthy et al. | 2010 | California Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System, Orange County, 2000–2004 | County | 577 tracts | All Ages | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Pedestrian injury | Tract: Education (—) Income (—) | No |
| Istre et al. | 2001 | EMS, Fire Department, ME and Hospital Data, Dallas, 1990–1997 | City | 255 tracts | All Ages | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Injury related to house fires | Tract: Income (—) | Yes |
| Shai | 2006 | Office of the Fire Marshal, Philadelphia Fire Department (1993–2001) | City | 324 tracts | All Ages | Cross-sectional | Unintentional | Fire injury rates by census tract | Tract: Education (n.s.) Employment (n.s.) Income (—) | Yes |
a
n.s. refers to a non-significant relationship.
b
Indicates an area-level SES measure used to proxy individual-level SES.