Figure 2.

Evolutionary analysis of sika deer

A. Phylogenetic tree inferred from 19 species. The X-axis is the inferred divergence time based on the phylogenetic tree and fossils. The number of expanded gene families is red, and the number of contracted gene families is blue. B. PSMC analysis of effective population sizes in sika deer and red deer. The generation times (g) is 5 years and the per generation mutation rate (u) is 1.0E–8. LGM, last glacial maximum (∼ 0.02 MYA); MIS 4, marine oxygen isotope stage 4 (0.05–0.075 MYA); PG, penultimate glaciation (0.13–0.3 MYA); QM, Qingzang movement (1.7–3.6 MYA); PSMC, pairwise sequential markovian coalescent; MYA, million years ago.