TABLE 4.

Two-Part Models on Total Costs Outcomes Comparing Rural With Urban Settings

	Part 1a		Part 2a		Marginal effectb Mean (95% CI)
	OR: Point estimate (95% CI)	P value	RR: Point estimate (95% CI)	P value
Outpatient services	0.61 (0.48-0.79)	0.0002	1.00 (0.98-1.00)	0.9061	−25.57 (−280.82 to 220.67)
Inpatient services	1.02 (0.99-1.05)	0.2944	0.92 (0.88-0.96)	< 0.0001	−835.56 (−1,283.56 to −333.59)
All medications	1.08 (1.00-1.16)	0.0483	0.98 (0.95-1.00)	0.1052	−84.65 (−189.59 to 33.36)
Total ED visits	1.05 (1.02-1.08)	0.0005	1.02 (0.98-1.05)	0.3373	58.56 (5.60-109.65)
ED visits into outpatient visits	1.12 (1.09-1.15)	< 0.0001	0.98 (0.95-1.01)	0.1667	48.83 (9.10-90.63)
ED visits into inpatient admission	1.02 (0.98-1.05)	0.3537	1.05 (0.99-1.12)	0.0749	23.15 (4.22-43.38)
Total costs for payers and patients across different services	0.86 (0.33-2.27)	0.7631	0.97 (0.95-0.99)	0.0084	-750.81 (−1,226.82 to −228.64)

^a Analyses adjusted for age, sex, insurance type, health plans, CCI, geographic region, calendar year at the index date, and the number of unique generic product identifier.

^b Marginal effect was calculated by the difference in expected outcome. Mean marginal effect is the mean value based on 1,000 iteration bootstrapping with sample with replacement, and 95% CI of marginal effect was constructed based on 2.5% and 97.5% percentile of bootstrapped marginal effects.

AF = atrial fibrillation; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; ED = emergency department; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative ratio.