Table 3.

Bias risk assessment.

		Risk of bias				Applicability concerns
Authors	Year	Patient selection	Index test	Reference standard	Flow and timing	Patient selection	Index test	Reference standard
Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2021)	2021	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Kafieh et al. (Kafieh et al., 2009)	2009	High	Low	High	Unclear	Low	Low	High
Oh et al. (Oh et al., 2020)	2021	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Ramadan et al. (Ramadan et al., 2022)	2022	High	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	Low
El-Fegh (El-Fegh et al., 2008)	2008	High	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low
El-Feghi et al. (El-Feghi et al., 2003)	2003	High	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low
Lee et al. (Lee et al., 2020)	2020	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2020)	2020	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Alshamrani et al. (Alshamrani et al., 2022)	2022	High	Low	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Hwang et al. (Hwang et al., 2021)	2021	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Unclear	Low
Jiang et al. (Jiang et al., 2023)	2022	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Song et al. (Song et al., 2020)	2020	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Song et al. (Song et al., 2019)	2019	High	Low	High	Unclear	High	Low	High
Tanikawa et al. (Tanikawa et al., 2009)	2009	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Yao et al. (Yao et al., 2022)	2022	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2018)	2018	High	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low
Yue et al. (Yue et al., 2006)	2006	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Yoon et al. (Yoon et al., 2022)	2022	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Song et al. (Song et al., 2021)	2021	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Unclear	Low
Zeng et al. (Zeng et al., 2021)	2021	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Ugurlu (Uğurlu 2022)	2022	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low