Table 2.

Outcomes of studies included in systematic review and meta-analysis.

No	Author, Year	Total Sample	TestGroup (sample/plate)	Control Group	Sample Medium	Medicaments	Last Medicament Duration	Last Inoculation Period	Outcome Measure	Outcome Evaluation Method	Result
1	Athiban et al, 2012	1plate/3parts	1part	2parts	Agar diffusion plate	NaOCl, Aloe vera, Normal saline	24 h	24 h	Zone of inhibitory	diameters of the zones in millimeter(mm)	Mean inhibition diameter (mm) Aloe vera = 21 mm NaOCl = 23 mm Saline = 0.0 mm
2	Leila Bazvand et al, 2013	90 samples	60 (15each)	30 (15each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	*TAM, CHX gel, Propolis, Aloe vera gel, Normal saline	7 days	21 days	colony-forming units	Colonies counted by blinded microbiologist	Mean colony count (Cfu/μL) TAM = 73.3 ± 310.4 CHX = 880 ± 574.7 Propalis = 2933.3 ± 2880.1 Aloe vera = 9200 ± 4601.2 Saline = 33333.3 ± 9759
3	Karkare et al, 2015	3plates/ 3parts	6parts	3parts	Agar diffusion plate	NaOCl, Hydro-alcoholic extract of Aloe vera and Garlic	24 h	24 h	Zone of inhibitory	diameters of the zones in millimeter(mm)	Mean inhibition region (mm) Aloe vera (saturated) = 13 ± 0.81Garlic (saturated) = 10.66 ± 0.942 NaOCl = 16.33 ± 2.49
4	Sahebi S. 2013	60 Samples	40 (20each)	20 (20each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	Aloe Vera gel, Normal Saline, NaOCl	48 h	48 h	colony-forming units	Bacterial colonies counted	Mean colony count (Cfu/mL) Aloe vera = 2.21 × 108 ± 0.98 × 108 Saline = 2.27 × 108 ± 0.95 × 108 NaOCl = 0.0
5	Bhardwaj et al, 2012	180 samples	150 (30each)	30 (30each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	CaOH, Saline, Papain gel, Morinda citrifolia gel, Aloe vera, CHX	5 days	21 days	colony-forming units	Bacterial colonies counted	Mean colony count at 5 day (400 µm depth, Cfu/µL) CHX = 0.0 Morinda citrifolia = 0.52 x105 Aloe vera = 1.04x105 Papain = 1.31 x105 CaOH = 1.24x105 Saline = 3.84x105
6	Abbas Abbaszadegan et al, 2014	108 samples	90 (10each/per 14 days)	18 (3each/per 14 days)	Extracted single rooted teeth	CaOH, Zataria multiflora, Aloe vera, sterile saline	14 days	21 days	colony-forming units	Bacterial colonies counted	Median Percentage reduction of the log10 c.f.u./mL Ataria Multiflora Bois = 89% CaOH = 86% Aloe vera = 85% Saline = 1%
7	Babaji et al, 2016	60 samples	48 (12each)	12 (12each)	Agar diffusion plate	NaOCl, M. citrifolia, Neem extract, Aloe vera, Distilled water	24 h	24 h	Zone of inhibitory	diameters of the zones in millimeter(mm)	Mean of inhibition zone in mm NaOCl = 28.6 ± 1.15 M Citrifolia = 22.7 ± 1.12 Naeem = 18.3 ± 1.06 Aloe vera = 14.7 ± 1.04 Distilled water = 0
8	Ehsani et al. 2013	24 well plates	Not given	Not given	Agar diffusion plate	Propolis hydro-alcoholic extract, Aloe vera, CHX, Distilled water, Ethanol	24 h	24 h	Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)/ minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)	Serial dilution and plated method	Mean of inhibition zone in mm CHX = 8.7 ± 0.5Propalis (aqueous extract) = 0.0 Aloe vera = 17.3 ± 1.3
9	Ismail et al, 2020	3plates/divided into 5 portions	9portion	6portion	Agar diffusion plate	MP$, Aloe vera, MP + AV, CaOH, DMSO#	18-24 h	18-24 h	Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)/ minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)	Turbidity measured through micro-plate reader/sub-culturing on plates	Mean of inhibition zone in mm (*) MP extract = 6.21 ± 0.046 CaOH = 5.51 ± 0.006 Aloe Vera = 5.05 ± 0.012
10	Ghasem et al, 2020	130 samples	40 (20each)	20 (20each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	Aloe vera, CaOH, PBS=	24 h	6 weeks	colony-forming units	colony count machine	Mean colony count at 6 week interval (Cfu/mL) Aloe vera = 136.36x108 ± 323.33 x108 CaOH = 27501.66 x108 ± 36570.34 x108 PBS = 95000 x108 ± 12247.44 x108
11	Sailaja et al, 2020	80 samples	60 (10each)	20 (10 each)	Contaminated GP cones	Q Mix 2 in 1+, NaOCl, chitosan, Aloe vera juice, Amla juice, Pancha tulsi	9 days	23 h	colony-forming units	Digital colony counter.	Mean colony count in Cfu/mL Q Mix 2 in 1 = 5.6 x10-1 NaOCl = 15.6x10-1 Chitosan = 79.2 x10-1 Aloe vera = 69.00x10-1 Amla Juice = 8.90 x10-1 PanchaTulsi = 2.80x10-1
12	Thilla S Vinothkumar et al, 2012	42 samples	30 (6each)	12 (6each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	Curcuma longa (CL), Azadiracta indica (AI), Aloebarbadensis (AV) , Myristica fragrans (MF), Terminalia chebula (TC)	24 h	21 days	qPCR*	Thermal cycler	Mean cells/ mL CL = 32.16 x108 ± 1.27 x108 AL = 33.94 x108 ± 0.70 x108 TC = 32.44 x108 ± 0.88 x108 MF = 31.84 x108 ± 0.62 Saline = 24.01x108 ± 0.96 x108 NaOCl = 34.20 x108 ± 0.83 x108 Aloe vera = 28.58 x108 ± 1.11 x108 TC = 23.6%
13	Ramamurthy Varshini et al, 2019	80 samples	64 (16each)	16 (16each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	Normal saline, CaOH, Aloe vera, Ricinus communis (castor oil), fresh lemon extract.	7 days	21 days	Fluorescent stained scan	Observed under confocal laser scanning microscope with x20 magnification	Mean remaining live bacterial count/µL Saline = 49849.60 ± 14664.13 Ca(OH)2 = 4717.20 ± 1877.59 Aloe vera = 10528.60 ± 11403.08 Castor oil = 38771.40 ± 22977.22 Lemon = 11574.40 ± 14757.77
14	Valera et al, 2013	72 samples	60 (12each)	12 (12each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	NaOCl, CHX Castor oil (Ricinus communis), Glycolic ginger, Glycolic Aloe vera, Sterile saline solution	7 days	21 days	colony-forming units	Bacterial colonies counted	Mean log colony count in Cfu/mL NaOCl = 0.0 CHX = 0.0 Castor oil = 3.49 x108 Ginger = 3.49 x108 Aloe vera = 5.73 x108 Saline = 5.46 x108
15	Goud et al, 2018	80 samples	60 (20 each)	20 (20 each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	NaOCl, CHX, Aloe vera, Saline	24 h	3 days	colony-forming units	Bacterial colonies counted	Mean log colony-forming units in Per mL NaOCl = 2.76 ± 0.18 CHX = 1.36 ± 1.18 Aloe vera = 2.88 ± 0.09 Saline = 3.20 ± 0.08
16	Vasudeva et al, 2017	210 samples	180 (30each)	30 (30each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	Saline, CHX, Honey, Aloe vera gel, Curcuma longa, Propolis, CaOH	5 days	21 days	colony-forming units	Colonies counted at two depths of dentin block (200 and 400 mm)	Mean count in Cfu/mL at 5 day, (400 µm depth) CHX = 0.10 ± 0.31 Propolis = 2.80 ± 0.632 Curcuma longa = 3.10 ± 0.567 Honey = 8.40 ± 0.84 CaOH = 9.30 ± 1.05 Aloe vera = 12.90 ± 0.73 Saline = 20.30 ± 0.48
17	M. C. Noushad et al, 2018	5 plate/ 25parts	20 parts	5parts	Disc Diffusion/Agar culture plates	Aloe vera, Cashew apple extract, Guava leaf extract, Papaya leaf extract, NaOCl	24 h	24 h	zones of inhibition	diameters of the zones in millimeter(mm)	Means diameter in mm NaOCl = 25.4 ± 1.19 Cashew apple = 14.1 ± 0.41 Guava leaf = 12.5 ± 0.5 Aloe vera = 7.2 ± 0.75 Papaya leaf = 6.3 ± 0.83
18	Eskandarinezhad et al, 2022	72 samples	54 (18each)	18 (18each)	Extracted single rooted teeth	CaOH, Curcumin paste, Aloe vera gel, Normal saline	1 week	6 week	colony-forming units	Bacterial colonies counted	Mean colony-forming unit per ml CaOH = 7.4 × 102 ± 5.2 × 102 Curcumin = 6.3 × 102 ± 4.6 × 102 Aloe vera = 1.5 × 103 ± 1.1 × 103 Saline = 1.2 × 105 ± 8.1 × 102

*Quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

(*) To avoid confounder effect results of combine MP + AV excluded (mean = 8.11 ± 0.015).