Table 4.
Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of healthcare accessing problems obtained from binary logistic regression model after controlling the selected covariates
| OR with 95% CI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Getting permission to go for treatment | Getting money for treatment | Distance to health facility |
Not wanting to go alone |
At least one barrier in accessing healthcare |
| Living Standard | |||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.03 [0.90–1.18] | 0.61 [0.56–0.67]*** | 0.80 [0.73–0.87]*** | 0.97 [0.89–1.05] | 0.80 [0.73–0.88]*** |
| High | 0.87 [0.76-1.00]+ | 0.43 [0.39–0.47]*** | 0.60 [0.55–0.66]*** | 0.72 [0.66–0.89]*** | 0.56 [0.52–0.62]*** |
| Spousal Education | |||||
| Both Uneducated | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Wife Educated | 0.86 [0.74–0.98]* | 0.66 [0.60–0.72]*** | 0.84 [0.77–0.92]*** | 0.88 [0.80–0.96]** | 0.73 [0.66–0.81]*** |
| Husband Educated | 0.90 [0.77–1.06] | 0.71 [0.64–0.79]*** | 0.86 [0.77–0.96]** | 0.99 [0.89–1.10] | 0.76 [0.68–0.86]*** |
| Both Educated | 0.66 [0.58–0.75]*** | 0.37 [0.34–0.40]*** | 0.70 [0.65–0.76]*** | 0.75 [0.69–0.81]*** | 0.49 [0.45–0.54]*** |
| Women’s Current Age | |||||
| 15–20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–30 | 0.92 [0.79–1.08] | 1.14 [1.02–1.28]* | 1.04 [0.94–1.17] | 0.77 [0.69–0.86]*** | 0.86 [0.77–0.97]* |
| 30–40 | 0.85 [0.82-1.00]+ | 1.26 [1.11–1.43]*** | 1.09 [0.97–1.23] | 0.67 [0.60–0.76]*** | 0.85 [0.75–0.97]* |
| 40–49 | 0.84 [0.70-1.00]+ | 1.18 [1.02–1.41]* | 1.00 [0.87–1.14] | 0.71 [0.63–0.81]*** | 0.84 [0.72–0.96]* |
| Early Marriage | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.82 [0.82–1.04] | 0.89 [0.83–0.96]** | 0.85 [0.79–0.92]*** | 0.91 [0.85–0.98]* | 0.90 [0.83–0.97]** |
| Empowerment Status | |||||
| Non-empowered | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Partially Empowered | 0.76 [0.66–0.88]*** | 1.13 [1.01–1.26]* | 0.95 [0.86–1.06] | 0.80 [0.72–0.89]*** | 0.94 [0.83–1.06] |
| Fully Empowered | 0.46 [0.39–0.53]*** | 0.96 [0.86–1.08] | 0.71 [0.64–0.80]*** | 0.63 [0.57–0.71]*** | 0.63 [0.56–0.71]*** |
| Employment Status | |||||
| No Paid Work | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|
Agricultural/Unskilled/ Domestic Services |
0.93 [0.83–1.05] | 1.30 [1.21–1.41]*** | 1.14 [1.05–1.23]** | 1.12 [1.04–1.20]** | 1.34 [1.23–1.46]*** |
| Skilled Manual/Sales | 0.78 [0.64–0.95]* | 1.24 [1.11–1.39]*** | 0.91 [0.82–1.02] | 0.86 [0.77–0.96]** | 1.08 [0.96–1.21] |
| Professional/Technical/ Services | 0.71 [0.56–0.92]** | 0.95 [0.83–1.10] | 0.87 [0.76-1.00]+ | 0.75 [0.66–0.87]*** | 0.77 [0.67–0.88]*** |
| Intimate Partner Violence | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.40 [1.26–1.56]*** | 1.25 [1.16–1.35]*** | 1.39 [1.29–1.50]*** | 1.34 [1.25–1.45]*** | 1.56 [1.43–1.70]*** |
| Religion | |||||
| Non-Muslim | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Muslim | 0.80 [0.72–0.89]*** | 0.80 [0.72–0.88]*** | 0.80 [0.72–0.88]*** | 0.79 [0.71–0.88]*** | |
| Number of Living Children | |||||
| ≤ 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| > 2 | 1.05 [0.97–1.14] | 1.04 [0.96–1.13] | 1.03 [0.95–1.11] | 1.09 [1.00-1.19]* | |
| Place of Residence | |||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 0.81 [0.73–0.91]*** | 1.21 [1.13–1.31]*** | 0.77 [0.72–0.83]*** | 0.85 [0.79–0.91]*** | 0.93 [0.86-1.00]+ |
| Region | |||||
| Eastern | 1.18 [1.04–1.33] | 0.89 [0.82–0.97]** | 0.93 [0.86-1.00]+ | 0.94 [0.87–1.01]+ | 0.83 [0.77–0.91]*** |
| Central | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Western | 1.10 [0.98–1.23] | 0.88 [0.81–0.94]*** | 0.87 [0.81–0.93]*** | 0.94 [0.88–1.01]+ | 0.95 [0.88–1.03] |
| All-weather Road | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 0.88 [0.80–0.96]** | 0.76 [0.69–0.83]*** | 2.52 [2.10–3.02]*** | 0.85 [0.77–0.93]** | |
Note: +p < 0.10; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001